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81.
This paper develops a contingency view regarding the effects of structural differentiation and integration on levels of corporate entrepreneurship. Integrating notions of benefits and costs resulting from integration with structural contingency theory, we argue that the joint effects of structural differentiation and integration on corporate entrepreneurship levels are moderated by organizational size and environmental dynamism. Our findings from a time‐separated sample demonstrate that in smaller organizations and more dynamic environments, the positive effects of integration on the structural differentiation‐corporate entrepreneurship relationship strongly diminish. As such, with this research we begin to identify contingencies that influence the corporate entrepreneurship levels observed among firms striving to balance the needs for structural differentiation and integration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
83.
Many firms assume that customers like to feel special and to receive discretionary preferential treatments (DPT). This research argues that the reality is more complicated: the same preferential treatment may delight one customer but enrage or embarrass another. To help companies align their DPT with their customers' preferences, this article identifies four dimensions along which consumers positively or negatively evaluate DPT: justification, imposition, visibility, and surprise. This article then introduces customer heterogeneity in the form of two individual traits that moderate DPT evaluations. Through two studies, the article shows that distinction seekers prefer visible rewards that impose on other customers, but negotiators prefer unjustified, non-surprising privileges. Finally, by tying consumer preferences to two readily available variables (age and gender), this article concludes with a set of practical guidelines for the companies that hope to align their DPT strategy with customer profiles. 相似文献
84.
Henri Patrice Nzitat 《Pacific Economic Review》2001,6(2):239-253
It is difficult to resolve conflicts of interests even in a society consisting of identical persons. Such an issue has been perceived as a serious difficulty posed to Harsanyi's axiomatic utilitarianism by Diamond's critique which Sen seemed to approve. Recent treatments tried to resolve this criticism by modifying Harsanyi's analytical framework so as to render it immune to Diamond's view about fairness. This paper shows that Diamond's view of fairness may be read as a "simple form" of Rawls' justice as fairness; and hence its clash with Harsanyi's social welfare criterion reflects the Harsanyi–Rawls debate about social justice. Sen's position on the debate is also discussed. In the case where individual preferences share some common characteristics in the manner described in Harsanyi's 1955 axiomatization of utilitarianism, various conceptions of equal treatment of equals are possible. To each of these conceptions corresponds a specific social welfare function, and there is no way to find which one is the best, from the scientific or ethical points of view. 相似文献
85.
86.
Reward-based crowdfunding campaigns are commonly offered in one of two models via fundraising goals set by an entrepreneur: “Keep-It-All” (KIA), where the entrepreneur keeps the entire amount raised regardless of achieving the goal, and “All-Or-Nothing” (AON), where the entrepreneur keeps nothing unless the goal is achieved. We hypothesize that AON forces the entrepreneur to bear greater risk and encourages crowdfunders to pledge more capital enabling entrepreneurs to set larger goals. We further hypothesize that AON is a costly signal of commitment for entrepreneurs yielding a separate equilibrium with higher quality and more innovative projects with greater success rates. Empirical tests support both hypotheses. 相似文献
87.
The introduction of an insurance guaranty scheme can have significant influence on the pricing and capital structures in a
competitive market. This contribution summarizes the major findings of a working paper written by Schmeiser and Wagner (Working
Papers on Risk Management and Insurance (IVW-HSG), No. 80, 2010). The effect on competitive equity-premium combinations is studied while considering a framework with policyholders and equity
holders where guaranty fund charges are volume-based, as levied in existing schemes. Several settings with regard to the origin
of the fund contributions are assessed and the immediate effects on the incentives of the policyholders and equity holders
are analyzed through a one-period contingent claim approach. One result is that introducing a guaranty scheme in a market
with competitive conditions entails a shift of equity capital towards minimum solvency requirements. Hence adverse incentives
may arise with regard to the overall security level of the industry. 相似文献
88.
In this paper, we analyze under which conditions a self-supporting insurance guaranty fund can be beneficial for the policyholders
in an incomplete market. Within the analyzed setting, we find out that in general, if existent, the potential advantages from
its introduction cannot be fairly divided among the participating insurers. Thereby, we have to expect systematic wealth transfers
between the policyholders of different insurance companies. We introduce a framework for utility-based fund charges as a solution
to this problem. 相似文献
89.
Etiënne A. J. A. Rouwette Jac A. M. Vennix Albert J. A. Felling 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2009,18(6):567-587
In the past decade there has been a discussion on the need for and degree of empirical evidence for the effectiveness of problem
structuring methods (PSMs). Some authors propose that PSMs are used in unique situations which are difficult to study, both
from a methodological and a practical perspective. In another view experimental validation is necessary and, if not obtained,
PSMs remain substantially invalidated and thus ‘suspect’ with regard to their claims of effectiveness. Both views agree on
one point: the necessity of being clear about the important factors in the context in which a method is used, the method’s
aims and its essential elements through which these aims are achieved. A clear formulation of central variables is the core
of a theoretical validation, without which empirical testing of effects is impossible. Since the process of PSMs is sometimes
referred to as ‘more art than science’, increased clarity on the PSM process also supports the transfer of methods. In this
article we consider goals important to most PSMs, such as consensus and commitment. We then focus on outcomes of group model
building, and expectations on how context and group modeling process contributes to outcomes. Next we discuss the similarity
of these central variables and relations to two sets of theories in social psychology: the theory of planned behavior and
dual process theories of persuasion. On the basis of these theories we construct a preliminary conceptual model on group model
building effectiveness and address its practical applicability for research on PSM. 相似文献
90.
We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross‐citation data, we find an inverted U‐shaped pattern over time that is influenced by firm‐level and relational factors. Technological similarity only modestly increases learning in the initial stages of a relationship, but moderate levels substantially increase knowledge flows later in the alliance. High technological diversity is related to higher initial learning rates, but the effects diminish over time. Somewhat surprisingly, research and development intensity is negatively related to initial learning rates but has a considerable positive effect later in the relationship. We suggest that initial learning rates in alliances may be constrained by the capacity to absorb knowledge, while later‐stage outcomes are constrained by exploitation capacity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献