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71.
The authors' study of audit committees in 450 large East Asian companies (150 each in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia) finds a strong positive correlation between the “cash flow” ownership (as opposed to just the voting rights) of large shareholders and the percentage of independent audit committee members. The study also reports a strong positive correlation between the “cash flow” ownership of large shareholders and the percentage of audit committee members with financial expertise and experience. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that larger cash flow ownership provides large shareholders with strong incentives for more effective governance. Conversely, the lower percentages of independent or professional audit directors at companies with large disparities between cash ownership and voting rights is consistent with the authors' hypothesis that entrenched large shareholders prefer inferior governance structures that pose fewer obstacles to their tendency to exploit the wealth of minority shareholders. Furthermore, the authors find higher valuations (market‐to‐book ratios) for companies with audit committees that consist entirely of independent directors and have larger percentage of members with financial expertise. And when viewed as a whole, the authors' findings provide support for the argument that ownership structure affects the composition of audit committees, and that independent and professional audit committees can help increase firm value. 相似文献
72.
Chung-Jen Chen Hsi-An Shih Ya-Ching Yeh 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2013,24(17):3447-3461
This study explores the effects of individual initiative and skill variety on individual creativity under the contexts of knowledge specificity and creative resources. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 245 employees of the Bureau of National Health Insurance in Taiwan. The results show that individual initiative and skill variety positively affect creativity. Knowledge specificity and creative resources play moderating roles in affecting the relationships. High knowledge specificity complements the deficiency of the low initiative, while abundant creative resources strengthen the effect of the high initiative in performing creativity. 相似文献
73.
We examine two data sets, one from the UK (n = 15,750) and one from the US (n = 3239), to show that SME financial behaviour demonstrates substantial financial contentment, or ‘happiness’. We find fewer than 10% of the UK firms seek significant growth and only 1.32% of US firms list a shortage of capital other than working capital as a problem. Financial performance indicators (growth, return on assets, profit margin) were not found to be determinants of SME financing activities, as might be expected in a ‘rational’ risk–return environment. Younger and less educated SME owners more actively use external financing – even though more education reduces the fear of loan denial – while older and more educated (‘wiser’) SME owners are found to be being less likely to seek or use external financing. The contentment hypothesis for SME financing also extends to high-growth firms in that we show that they participate more in the loan markets than low-growth firms. By way of contrast to the finance gap hypothesis, the contentment hypothesis observes the importance of social networks (connections) [for finance] and confirms the ‘connections – happiness’ linkage in the literature on happiness while doubting the theoretical suitability of Jensen and Meckling [Jensen, M., Meckling, W., 1976. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305–360.] base-case analysis for SMEs. 相似文献
74.
We combine the best features of two highly successful quadrature option pricing streams, improving the linked issues of numerical precision and abscissa positioning. Coupling the recombining abscissa (node) approach used in Andricopoulos, A., Widdicks, M., Duck, P., and Newton, D.P. ( 2003 ) (AWDN as well as AWND, 2007 ) with the Gauss‐Legendre Quadrature (GQ) method of Sullivan, M.A. ( 2000 ) yields highly accurate and efficient option prices for a range of standard and exotic specifications including barrier options and in particular for NGARCH, CEV, and jump‐diffusion processes. The improvements are due to manner in which GQ positions nodes and the use of these values without interpolation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 相似文献
75.
Ronnie J. Yeh Jerrold K. Leong Lee Blecher Wei-Tang Hu 《Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research》2013,18(1):59-83
Numerous research studies have been conducted that are related to e-commerce and information technology (IT) applications in the hospitality industry with regard to business operation, profit, output, and management perspective. The focus of this study is to examine current e-commerce and IT applications in the hospitality industry and to identify the business travelers' perceptions in order to improve customer service. One of the problems in the hospitality industry is that customers want advanced e-commerce and IT applications, but restaurants and hotels are not necessarily implementing them. This study discusses the typical problems and obstacles of implementing e-commerce and IT applications in hospitality, using the lodging e-commerce and IT applications to satisfy customers, and developing the lodging e-commerce and IT applications as a corporate competitive advantage. Moreover, this study investigated a variety of e-commerce and IT applications related to customer service, satisfaction, and retention as well as e-commerce and IT applications as a distribution channel for receiving travelers' information and accommodation booking. This study provides valuable implications for hospitality practitioners about customer perceptions relative to e-commerce and IT applications. 相似文献
76.
Ryh-song Yeh 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2013,24(3):626-641
This study used the cultural value of individualism to explain the direct interpersonal influence behaviour used by Japanese and American expatriates and the indirect structural influence pattern which together have moulded the influence behaviour of Taiwanese managers. As predicted, the collectivists (Japanese expatriates) were found to use more assertiveness, exchange and higher authority strategies than the individualists (American expatriates). Differences in downward influence style between Taiwanese managers in Japanese and in American subsidiaries did reveal the acculturation effects of Japanese and American organizational cultures. Familiarity with local cultural values and language increased the frequency of using influence for Taiwanese managers, but did not afford the Japanese an influence style similar to the Taiwanese. 相似文献
77.
Ming-Hsien Caleb Li Chao-Hsiung Benjamin Yeh Abbas Al-Refaie 《Quality and Quantity》2013,47(5):2617-2635
Since 1996, the Department of Defense-USA has adopted MIL-STD-1916 (Military Standard-1916) sampling plans instead of the traditional MIL-STD-105E (Military Standard-105E) sampling plans. MIL-STD-1916 emphasizes on an effective prevention-based strategy quality system. Its attributes sampling plans are based on “zero accept one reject” as criteria of judgment. In this paper, the lot sizes are regrouped from original 11 groups into 18 new groups such that 100% inspection and sampling plan could be clearly separated. The relationship between fraction nonconforming and probability of acceptance for each verification level (VL) and lot size is investigated. The acceptable quality level (AQL) and rejectabe quality level (RQL) for each VL and lot size are also investigated. The results of this research provide user friendly tables as guidance for both supplier and customer. 相似文献
78.
The triple helix (TH) model of the university–industry–government relationship is an accepted significant determinant of industrial innovation. However, the evaluations of these three actors and the actors’ innovation or activities' effects have not been empirically determined. The aim of this study is to integrate the TH model and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to develop an evaluation model that prioritises the relative weight of the factors’ influence on the digital content industry, specifically in Taiwan. The results identify the most relevant factors with respect to digital content to enable policy-makers to develop effective promoting strategies for the industry. 相似文献
79.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) and research & development (R&D) are mutually dependent and should be treated as endogenous variables in empirical studies. An endogenous switching regression model is used to examine the mutual effect of FDI and R&D in Taiwan's electronics industry. The empirical results show that FDI and R&D are positively related and do reinforce each other. Unbiased coefficients are obtained as they are compared to those estimates if FDI and R&D are treated as exogenous variables. The results have a strong public policy implication for Taiwan's foreign direct investment and can be further used to estimate the difference in R&D expenditures between FDI and non-FDI firms. 相似文献
80.
A new policy instrument, known as a low carbon fuel standard (LCFS), is a promising approach to decarbonize transportation fuels. An LCFS has several important features: it applies a lifecycle carbon intensity standard, incorporates market mechanisms by allowing credit trading and targets all transport fuels. A harmonized international framework is needed that builds on newly enacted LCFS policies adopted in California and the European Union. 相似文献