Towards an understanding of the female expatriate experience in Europe

The increased participation of women in the workforce has been one of the major changes in the structuring of the labour force in recent years, and it is anticipated that this trend will continue. Despite growing numbers of women in senior domestic management roles, the participation rates of women in international management remains low across the globe. In Europe, international management has generally been a masculine preserve. Much of our knowledge of female expatriation comes from North America and is based on the experiences of female managers working for North American MNCs. This article builds on that base of understanding but highlights a growing stream of research into female expatriation in Europe, which remains largely “invisible” to specialists outside Europe. Given the paucity of empirical research in this area in general and the need for a more international understanding of the phenomena which can arise from examining different contexts, the article suggests that researchers outside Europe may find useful insights in this paper which pulls together and summarises what we know from the existing research on female expatriates in Europe and offers some avenues for future research.     

Auditing program evaluations: The Canadian case

In 1983, the Canadian Auditor General reported to Parliament on the State of program evaluation in the Federal Government. Nineteen departments and agencies were audited and it was found that, since 1978, the government has made progress in implementing program evaluation.This paper describes the audit on which the opinion was based. The background to the audit is presented, followed by a discussion of the audit methodology developed and the audit standards employed. The findings of the audit are summarized along with a brief discussion of the implications of effectiveness auditing for auditing and public administration.     

Public sector pay and comparability: Historical background and current issues

Successive Governments have tended to use their bargaining power with their own employees to set an example to private employers and trade unions. Even where such incomes policies have enjoyed statutory backing, they have borne harder upon the public sector than upon the private. Any attempt to remedy this ultimately needs the co‐operation of the private sector, employers and unions.     

A Cynic's View of Zoning Reform

A review of the history of zoning and its reform suggests how changes are brought about by economic interests. If previous patterns continue to persist, and there is no evidence to suggest otherwise, zoning reform will continue to create new winners and losers thus creating incentives for further change. The "problem-solving" view of zoning is a myth.