The Development of Underdevelopment at Akwesasne

A bstract . The historical processes of Mohawk "underdevelopment" at Ak-wesasne are chronicled and the subversion of Native values and subsistence, and the creation of Native dependence on non-Native society examined. Mohawk involvement in this predicament is traced to several processes: participation in the 17th century European/wr trade, which contributed to the destruction of the tribe's traditional economy; coerced adherence to Christianity, which con-tributed to the loss of traditional American Indian value systems; and associated loss of lands and resources due to broken treaties and unjust laws.     

Unit Ipos: The Who,When, And Why Of Warrant Amendment

Although unit initial public offering (IPO) firms reserve the right to amend the original terms of their warrants, only some choose to extend the exercise period, lower the exercise price, or both. We examine the extent of warrant amendment among unit IPOs and find that the decision to amend is related to the need for cash and is generally employed when share prices are closer to the original warrant exercise prices. Furthermore, extension is less likely when the firm is riskier, whereas higher levels of insider ownership significantly reduce the likelihood that a firm will lower the exercise price.     

What happens after working part time? Integration, maintenance or exclusionary transitions in Britain and western Germany

We address the issues raised by Günther Schmid's proposalto develop transitional labour markets, by examining theoreticalexplanations and empirical evidence affecting transitions throughpart-time work. By analysing British and German Household Paneldata, we outline the changing characteristics of part-time employmentand employees in the early 1990s. We show that only a tiny numberof women were able to use part-time work as a bridge back intoa full-time job. A substantial proportion ends up dropping outof employment, especially in Germany. Having previous employmentexperience is more likely to hinder exclusionary transitionpatterns, whereas the presence of more than one child, especiallyin Germany, is associated with dropping out. We conclude byassessing the implication of these findings for both policyreform and theoretical developments.     

Academic Dishonesty: An Exploratory Study Examining Whether Insurance Students Are Different From Other College Students

This exploratory study compares academic dishonesty scores for insurance students in one insurance program to those for other college students using survey data from business and nonbusiness students at two universities. Academic dishonesty was measured using a modified version of a scale developed by McCabe and Trevino , with a higher score indicating greater academic dishonesty. The average score on total academic dishonesty was significantly higher for insurance students than for other business students and lower, but not significantly so, than the scores for nonbusiness students. Regression analysis indicates that a significant predictor of academic dishonesty for both insurance students and other business students is the perceived relevance of the work to the student's major coursework. There were some differences, however, in the other significant predictors for insurance students versus other business students. Specifically, year in school was significant only for insurance majors, while membership in a Greek social organization and a belief that there was a low risk of getting caught were significant only for other business majors. Furthermore, the significant predictors of academic dishonesty were different for insurance students and nonbusiness students. Overall, the results indicate that insurance students are more likely to engage in academically dishonest behavior than other business students, and the motivation for academic dishonesty differs for insurance students and other students (both nonbusiness and other business). This suggests a need for insurance educators to address academic dishonesty using an approach that is somewhat different than that used for other students.     

A Multilevel Appraisal and Conceptualization of Company Downsizing

Downsizing is widely used to improve corporate efficiency and competitiveness. Although downsizing can be useful, the process has a number of associated disadvantages, and companies commonly overlook the negative impact on society, the business profession, the company, and employees' collective attitudes and perceptions. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to present a multilevel framework that examines the impact of societal, institutional, organizational, and individual factors on corporate downsizing. The potential negative effects of downsizing on each of these domains are also examined, and recommendations regarding the successful implementation of employee reduction programs are presented based on information highlighted in the framework.     

Venture Capital Investment Duration

This paper examines cross‐country evidence on the duration of venture capital (VC) investment. We formulate a theory of VC investment duration based on the idea that venture capitalists exit when the expected marginal cost of maintaining the investment is greater than the expected marginal benefit, and thereby relate VC investment duration to entrepreneurial firm characteristics, investor characteristics, deal characteristics, and institutional and market conditions. VC investment duration data in Canada and the United States lend strong support to the theoretical predictions developed herein.     

Corporate culture and IPOs

This study documents corporate culture at the time of initial public offering (IPO) and the relationship between corporate culture at the time of IPO and firm financial performance. Based on a sample of 1157 US firms that went public between 1996 and 2011 and performance information through 2016, the data provide strong evidence that regional culture, industry characteristics, and pre-IPO financing play key roles in explaining a firm's cultural orientation. Moreover, the data indicate that IPO firms with a highly competition- and creation-oriented culture experience higher profitability and less risk of financial distress than other IPO firms.