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941.
Satoru Kasahara Sergey Paltsev John Reilly Henry Jacoby A. Denny Ellerman 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,37(2):377-410
In 2003 Japan proposed a Climate Change Tax to reduce its CO2 emissions to the level required by the Kyoto Protocol. If implemented, the tax would be levied on fossil fuel use and the
revenue distributed to encourage the purchase of energy efficient equipment. Analysis using the MIT Emissions Prediction and
Policy Analysis (EPPA) model shows that this policy is unlikely to bring Japan into compliance with its Kyoto target unless
the subsidy encourages improvement in energy intensity well beyond Japan’s recent historical experience. Similar demand-management
programs in the US, where there has been extensive experience, have not been nearly as effective as they would need to be
to achieve energy efficiency goals of the proposal. The Tax proposal also calls for limits on international emission trading.
We find that this limit substantially affects costs of compliance. The welfare loss with full emissions trading is 1/6 that
when Japan meets its target though domestic actions only, the carbon price is lower, and there is a smaller loss of energy-intensive
exports. Japan can achieve substantial savings from emissions trading even under cases where, for example, the full amount
of the Russian allowance is not available in international markets. 相似文献
942.
Governments around the world are beginning to embrace a new form of environmental regulation – mandatory disclosure of information.
While information disclosure programs appear to have an impact on subsequent firm behavior – often resulting in lower levels
of pollution – little is known about the costs and benefits of these programs and whether or not they enhance social welfare.
This paper presents a simple bargaining model where mandatory information disclosure is used to overcome a lack of information
on the part of the public. We characterize the conditions under which information disclosure will lead to a reduction in emissions,
and ultimately, the conditions under which it will enhance social welfare. Several extensions of the model are briefly explored,
including the effect of two sources of pollution – only one of which is subject to information disclosure.
This paper was prepared while V. Santhakumar was a Visiting Scholar at the Vanderbilt Center for Environmental Management
Studies, Vanderbilt University. 相似文献
943.
We study the optimal timing of adoption of a cleaner technology and its effects on the rate of growth of an economy in the
context of an AK endogenous growth model. We show that the results depend upon the behavior of the marginal utility of environmental
quality with respect to consumption. When it is increasing, we derive the capital level at the optimal timing of adoption.
We show that this capital threshold is independent of the initial conditions on the stock of capital, implying that capital-poor
countries tend to take longer to adopt. Also, country-specific characteristics, as the existence of high barriers to adoption,
may lead to different capital thresholds for different countries. If the marginal utility of environmental quality decreases
with consumption, a country should never delay adoption; the optimal policy is either to adopt immediately or, if adoption
costs are “too high”, to never adopt. The policy implications of these results are discussed in the context of the international
debate surrounding the environmental political agenda.
相似文献
944.
Daniel Friedman Kai Pommerenke Rajan Lukose Garrett Milam Bernardo A. Huberman 《Experimental Economics》2007,10(1):79-104
We seek to isolate in the laboratory factors that encourage and discourage the sunk cost fallacy. Subjects play a computer
game in which they decide whether to keep digging for treasure on an island or to sink a cost (which will turn out to be either
high or low) to move to another island. The research hypothesis is that subjects will stay longer on islands that were more
costly to find. Eleven treatment variables are considered, e.g. alternative visual displays, whether the treasure value of
an island is shown on arrival or discovered by trial and error, and alternative parameters for sunk costs. The data reveal
a surprisingly small sunk cost effect that is generally insensitive to the proposed psychological drivers.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .
Jel Classification C91, D11 相似文献
945.
Joëlle Noailly Cees A. Withagen Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,36(1):113-141
We study the conditions for the emergence of cooperation in a spatial common-pool resource (CPR) game. We consider three types
of agents: cooperators, defectors and enforcers. The role of enforcers is to punish defectors for overharvesting the resource.
Agents are located on a circle and they only observe the actions of their two nearest neighbors. Their payoffs are determined
by both local and global interactions and they modify their actions by imitating the strategy in their neighborhood with the
highest average payoffs on average. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, we find a large diversity of equilibria to be
the outcome of the game. In particular, we find conditions for the occurrence of equilibria in which the three strategies
coexist. We also derive the stability of these equilibria. Finally, we show that introducing resource dynamics in the system
favors the occurrence of cooperative equilibria.
相似文献
946.
Is there a case for preferential treatment of the exposed sector in an economy when compliance to an aggregate emissions constraint induced by an international environmental agreement is mandatory? This question is being debated in many countries in the context of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. We address the issue in a general equilibrium framework and theoretically cover several market structures, including perfect competition, the large country case and oligopoly. We identify the conditions under which preferential treatment of the exposed sector is not warranted from the point of view of maximizing social welfare. In addition, we demonstrate that in the case of oligopoly, instituting a more stringent environmental policy on the exposed sector might be profit-enhancing for this sector. This finding lends theoretical support to a specific interpretation of the Porter hypothesis. 相似文献
947.
Evaluation of subsidiary marketing performance: combining process and outcome performance metrics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dhruv Grewal Gopalkrishnan R. Iyer Wagner A. Kamakura Anuj Mehrotra Arun Sharma 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2009,37(2):117-129
Issues in evaluating marketing performance and devising appropriate metrics for measurement have taken center stage in marketing
thought and practice in recent years. We propose an empirical model that enables a multinational enterprise (MNE) to assess
the marketing performance of its subsidiaries, taking into explicit consideration the fact that tactical actions by subsidiaries
contribute to the creation of assets that can be harnessed for marketing outcomes. Thus, our model captures the asset creation
abilities of marketing expenditures and also takes in to account the environmental differences of the context in which each
MNE subsidiary operates. We evaluate comparative, overall, and process-level (creation of market assets and market yield)
marketing performance in the context of multi-country operations. This simultaneous examination of marketing process and marketing
outcome performance enables a global corporation to gain strategic, operational, and diagnostic insights into the performance
of its subsidiaries. Our approach is empirically illustrated with an evaluation of the marketing performance of subsidiaries
of a large global corporation. 相似文献
948.
The paper estimates and examines the empirical plausibility of asset pricing models that attempt to explain features of financial markets such as the size of the equity premium and the volatility of the stock market. In one model, the long-run risks (LRR) model of Bansal and Yaron, low-frequency movements, and time-varying uncertainty in aggregate consumption growth are the key channels for understanding asset prices. In another, as typified by Campbell and Cochrane, habit formation, which generates time-varying risk aversion and consequently time variation in risk premia, is the key channel. These models are fitted to data using simulation estimators. Both models are found to fit the data equally well at conventional significance levels, and they can track quite closely a new measure of realized annual volatility. Further, scrutiny using a rich array of diagnostics suggests that the LRR model is preferred. 相似文献
949.
An Error Component Logit Analysis of Corporate Bankruptcy and Insolvency Risk in Australia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper introduces a four-state failure model to depict a wider range of distress scenarios that public companies typically face in the real world. We use a multinomial error component logit model to analyse firm failure, a major advance on the modelling techniques used in previous research. The error component logit model, being an extension of the more familiar mixed logit model, relaxes several questionable statistical assumptions associated with standard models. Using a sample of Australian firms we provide an interpretative illustration of the error component logit model and contrast its behavioural performance with the standard logit model widely used in previous research. 相似文献
950.
This paper responds to the unsatisfactory argument that there is no correspondence between co-integration and the efficient market hypothesis. A law of one co-integrating vector of prices is proposed for the exchange rate and domestic and overseas stock prices. Markets must therefore be efficient in long-run equilibrium because no arbitrage opportunities exist. However, arbitrage activity via the disequilibrium error correction allows above-average (risk-adjusted) returns to be earned in the short run. The elimination of these arbitrage opportunities means that stock market inefficiency in the short run ensures stock market efficiency in the long run. 相似文献