An investigation into food-away-from-home consumption in South Africa

Food policy that ignores food-away-from-home (FAFH) in a developing country like South Africa will be misleading given changes in demand for food over time. This study contributes to our understanding of the factors that influence the demand for FAFH in South Africa. Using panel data from the Income and Expenditure Survey, this study analyses the effects of income and socio-demographic variables on FAFH expenditure using a double-hurdle model. The results show that small-sized households headed by younger white females/males and living in an urban settlement are most likely to purchase FAFH while male-headed households spend more than female-headed households. Furthermore, income of the household head is an important determinant of household FAFH expenditures. The income elasticity of expenditure on FAFH is inelastic and a normal good. The small size of the participation elasticities means that growth in the FAFH sector will be driven by households with existing expenditure.     

Marginal tax burden

Zusammenfassung Bei der Beurteilung etwaiger leistungshemmender Wirkungen der Steuer- und Abgabensysteme muß insbesondere die Grenzabgabenbelastung analysiert werden; sie ist sowohl in Österreich als auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in der jüngeren Vergangenheit stark angestiegen. Mit diesem Beitrag wird versucht, die gesamte Grenzabgabenbelastung (aus direkten und indirekten Steuern sowie Sozialabgaben) für beide Länder approximativ zu bestimmen. Dabei scheint der Vergleich zwischen Österreich und Deutschland besonders interessant zu sein, da es im Steuer- und Sozialrecht einerseits weitgehende Gemeinsamkeiten in der historischen Entwicklung gibt, andererseits aber auch grundlegende Divergenzen bestehen, so beispielsweise im unterschiedlichen Gewicht von direkter und indirekter Besteuerung. Über etwaige Wirkungszusammenhänge werden abschließend einige spekulative Überlegungen angestellt.     

Adverse selection in the annuity market with sequential and simultaneous insurance demand

This paper investigates the effect of adverse selection on the private annuity market in a model with two periods of retirement and two types of individuals, who differ in their life expectancy. In order to introduce the existence of time-limited pension insurance, we consider a model where for each period of retirement separate contracts can be purchased. Demand for the two periods can be decided sequentially or simultaneously. We show that only a situation where all risk types choose sequential contracts is an equilibrium and that this outcome is favourable for the long-living, but is unfavourable for the short-living individuals. JEL Classification D82 · D91 · G22     

Noisy information, interest rate shocks and the Great Moderation

In this paper we evaluate the hypothesis that the Great Moderation is partly the result of a less activist monetary policy. We simulate a New Keynesian model in which the central bank can only observe a noisy estimate of the output gap and find that the less pronounced reaction of the Federal Reserve to output gap fluctuations since 1979 can account for a substantial part of the reduction in the standard deviation of GDP associated with the Great Moderation. Our simulations are consistent with the empirically documented smaller magnitude and impact of interest rate shocks since the early 1980s.     

Why co‐creation experience matters? Creative experience and its impact on the quantity and quality of creative contributions

This article introduces ‘virtual design competitions’ as a new means of opening up the innovation process and enriching the companies, ‘design‐ideas’ by utilizing the creativity of a multiplicity of external designers and enthused consumers all over the world. The ‘Swarovski Enlightened^? jewellery design competition’, explored in this study, demonstrates the enormous potential of virtual co‐creation platforms. It further highlights the importance of the co‐creation experience and its impact on the quantity and quality of designs submitted. First, we introduce the idea of virtual co‐creation platforms and the requirements on the design of such a platform. Second, we explore the impact of the co‐creation experience on the content contributed by participants. Our study shows that co‐creation experience significantly impacts the number of contributions by consumers as well as the quality of submitted designs. Our paper contributes to a better theoretic understanding of the impact of a participant's perceived autonomous, enjoyable, and competent experience, as well as participants' perceived sense of community on their experience. From a managerial perspective, it provides guidance in designing successful idea and design competitions. While innovation managers may be interested in creative contributions, for participants, it is the experience which matters. Fully featured community platforms rather than single idea submission websites are required to attract creative users to submit their ideas and designs.     

Paradigmenwechsel beim Zusammenhang von Innovation und Beschäftigung?

Lange Zeit wurde der technische Fortschritt als mitverantwortlich für die ansteigende Arbeitslosigkeit angesehen. Mittlerweile hat sich eine andere Sichtweise durchgesetzt. Wie wurde früher „technologische Arbeitslosigkeit“ erkl?rt? Welcher Innovationsbegriff lag den entsprechenden Studien zugrunde? Welche neuen Erkl?rungsans?tze für den Zusammenhang von Innovation und Besch?ftigung gibt es? Prof. Dr. Johann Welsch, 59, lehrt Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der FH Wiesbaden – University of Applied Sciences.     

The transmission of business cyclesImplications for EMU enlargement1

We show that countries characterized by large bilateral trade and financial flows tend to have more correlated business cycles. However, we also find that countries with divergent fiscal policies and highly regulated labour markets are subject to idiosyncratic cycles. Applying these results to the new member states of the EU weakens the optimistic view towards the monetary integration of these countries into the euro area, which is frequently found in the literature. Although our results suggest that extensive trade and financial linkages are likely to result in further increases in business cycle correlation, an increase in labour market regulation and the pursuit of national fiscal policies may result in a counteracting effect.