The explanatory power of the human capital earnings function

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden an Hand von Querschnittsdaten aus dem österreichischen Mikrozensus 1981 humankapitaltheoretisch fundierte Lohnfunktionen für verschiedene Gruppen von Arbeitnehmern (Arbeiter, Angestellte und Beamte) geschätzt. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die Erklärungskraft der Humankapitaltheorie für die Verdienstdifferentiale innerhalb der einzelnen Gruppen sehr stark differiert. Darüber hinaus unterscheiden sich die Ertragsraten auf primäres und sekundäres Humankapital zwischen Arbeitern, Angestellten und Beamten beträchtlich und weisen auf Segmentierungsphänomene auf dem Arbeitsmarkt hin. Außerdem entspricht das Erfahrungs-Einkommensprofil von Beamten nicht dem aus der Humankapitaltheorie abgeleiteten Verlauf über den Lebenszyklus. Für diese Gruppe von Arbeitnehmern wurde daher eine einfache Lohnfunktion geschätzt, die im Sinne der Theorien des segmentierten Arbeitsmarktes interpretierbar ist.

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I am indebted to S. Stadlmann for preparing the data base. Furthermore I would like to thank Prof. W. Clement, A. Diekmann, K. Pichelmann and an anonymous referee for helpful advice on an earlier draft of the paper.     

Consistent planning with changing tastes

This paper proposes an approach to achieving a consistent consumption plan which is free of the shortcomings that characterize earlier proposals in the literature. Specifically, our consumption plan exists, is coherent, and most important, is Pareto-optimal.     

Learning in games with unstable equilibria

We propose a new concept for the analysis of games, the TASP, which gives a precise prediction about non-equilibrium play in games whose Nash equilibria are mixed and are unstable under fictitious play-like learning. We show that, when players learn using weighted stochastic fictitious play and so place greater weight on recent experience, the time average of play often converges in these “unstable” games, even while mixed strategies and beliefs continue to cycle. This time average, the TASP, is related to the cycle identified by Shapley [L.S. Shapley, Some topics in two person games, in: M. Dresher, et al. (Eds.), Advances in Game Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1964]. The TASP can be close to or quite distinct from Nash equilibrium.     

THE AFFINE LIBOR MODELS

We provide a general and flexible approach to LIBOR modeling based on the class of affine factor processes. Our approach respects the basic economic requirement that LIBOR rates are nonnegative, and the basic requirement from mathematical finance that LIBOR rates are analytically tractable martingales with respect to their own forward measure. Additionally, and most importantly, our approach also leads to analytically tractable expressions of multi‐LIBOR payoffs. This approach unifies therefore the advantages of well‐known forward price models with those of classical LIBOR rate models. Several examples are added and prototypical volatility smiles are shown. We believe that the CIR process‐based LIBOR model might be of particular interest for applications, since closed form valuation formulas for caps and swaptions are derived.     

Preference to Local Food vs. Preference to “National” and Regional Food

In the environment of globalisation and progressive liberalisation of the market, many small local producers were excluded from the market as uncompetitive to the producers realising scale economy due to their presence in large global market and being able to meet requirements of large retailers’ chains. As there is growing consumers’ interest to recover their identity, those of the local cultures and traditional values, there is a new chance for those small local producers. The problems of locally produced food recently awakened interest and aroused many discussions of practitioners and scholars as well. The aim of the presented study has been to test the parameters that influenced preferences among food product branded as national, regional, or local product. Presented models identified several consumers’ attitudes and feelings that are the main predictors of the relation between consumers’ preferences for local food and the preferences for national or regional food. Food made by local producers is perceived by consumers as being of higher quality and better complying with their habits and requirements than “regional” or “national” food products.     

Is inequality harmful for innovation and growth? Price versus market size effects

We introduce non-homothetic preferences into an R&D based growth model to study how demand forces shape the impact of inequality on innovation and growth. Inequality affects the incentive to innovate via a price effect and a market size effect. When innovators have a large productivity advantage over traditional producers a higher extent of inequality tends to increase innovators’ prices and mark-ups. When this productivity gap is small, however, a redistribution from the rich to the poor increases market sizes and speeds up growth.     

Development blocks in innovation networks

The notion of development blocks (Dahmén, 1950, 1991) suggests the co-evolution of technologies and industries through complementarities and the overcoming of imbalances. This study proposes and applies a methodology to analyse development blocks empirically. To assess the extent and character of innovational interdependencies between industries the study combines analysis of innovation biographies and statistical network analysis. This is made possible by using data from a newly constructed innovation output database for Sweden. The study finds ten communities of closely related industries in which innovation activity has been prompted by the emergence of technological imbalances or by the exploitation of new technological opportunities. The communities found in the Swedish network of innovation are shown to be stable over time and often characterized by strong user-supplier interdependencies. These findings serve to stress how historical imbalances and opportunities are key to understanding the dynamics of the long-run development of industries and new technologies.