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61.
62.
In this article we characterize the evolution of inequality in hourly wages, hours of work, labor earnings, household disposable income and household consumption for Spain between 1985 and 2000. We look at both the Encuesta Continua de Presupuestos Familiares and the European Household Community Panel. Our analysis shows that inequality in individual net labor earnings and household net disposable income has decreased substantially. The decreases in the tertiary education premium and in the unemployment rate have been key ingredients to understand this falling trend. Public transfers have played a crucial role in smoothing out the inequality arising in the labor market, but instead the Spanish family does not seem to have been an important insurance mechanism. Regarding household consumption, inequality has fallen much less than inequality in household net disposable income, with the decrease mostly concentrated in the second half of the eighties. This suggests that the reduction in income inequality has affected the sources of permanent differences between households only during the second half of the eighties. Our estimates of the earnings process for the period are consistent with this view. 相似文献
63.
Macià Blázquez-Salom Asunción Blanco-Romero Fernando Vera-Rebollo Josep Ivars-Baidal 《Journal of Sustainable Tourism》2019,27(12):1764-1785
AbstractTourism saturation and unsustainability have been studied in urban political ecology. Both of these problems are inseparable from tourism planning and they have resulted in proposed solutions based on growth containment and even degrowth. These types of measures have been applied to varying degrees in mature coastal destinations in Spain since the 1990s, and they are currently being used for the country's main urban destinations due to problems generated by tourism saturation. This study examines the progressive incorporation of these measures in territorial tourism planning in Spain and it points out that the traditional emphasis on urban-tourism growth is declining and that more restrictive policies are now being implemented. This shift is illustrated through the analysis of three innovative territorial tourism planning instruments in Barcelona, the Balearic Islands and the Autonomous Region of Valencia. These ostensibly progressive processes suffer from crippling contradictions due to their inability to directly confront the capitalist accumulation model underlying the tourism growth they address. Consequently, much stronger measures capable of transcending this accumulation model in pursuit of genuine, and fair degrowth without systemic constraints are needed. 相似文献
64.
The consideration of the limit theory in which T is fixed and N is allowed to go to infinity improves the finite‐sample properties of the tests and avoids the imposition of the relative rates at which T and N go to infinity. 相似文献
65.
Mariam Camarero Josep Lluís Carrion‐i‐Silvestre Cecilio Tamarit 《Scottish journal of political economy》2010,57(5):568-590
This paper tests for real interest rate parity (RIRP) among the 17 major Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries over the period 1978:Q1–2006:Q1. The econometric methods applied consist of combining the use of panel data tests that are valid under cross‐section dependence and the presence of multiple structural breaks. This feature is important because the misspecification errors due to not accounting for structural breaks and/or cross‐section dependence can lead to misleading conclusions. Our results support the fulfilment of the weak version of the RIRP for short‐term interest rate differentials once dependence and structural breaks are considered. 相似文献
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67.
This paper yields insights into the channels through which management accounting and control systems (MACS) exert an influence on product innovation by examining the extent to which different forms of control (i.e. value systems (VS), diagnostic control systems and interactive control systems (ICS)) are directly associated with the distinct phases of innovation processes. Using survey data collected from 118 medium and large Spanish companies, we find that (1) VS and ICS have significant main effects on the creativity, co-ordination and knowledge integration, and filtering (sub-)phases of innovation processes and (2) the significance and direction of these influences vary depending on the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of firms. By highlighting the relevance of EO in shaping the influence of MACS on product innovation processes, this study calls for caution in generalising the expected effects of MACS on innovation. 相似文献
68.
Josep Darbà 《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(10):1025-1029
AbstractBackground: Phenylketonuria is a well-known disease, yet the characteristics of the affected population and their use of healthcare resources have not been comprehensively evaluated. Patient characteristics and use of resources are subjects of interest for most governments, especially for a disease included in newborn screening programs.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine characteristics and use of healthcare resources of patients with phenylketonuria in the region of Catalonia.Methods: Records of 289 patients admitted with phenylketonuria between 2007 and 2017 were extracted from the PADRIS database that includes admission data from primary care centers, hospitals (inpatient and outpatient care), extended care facilities, and mental health centers.Results: The patient population was composed of 140 male patients and 149 female patients, and 102 patients were registered via newborn screening during the study period. Patients were admitted on average 2.19 times per year, mostly into primary care centers which concentrated the largest portion of direct medical expenses. Similar percentages of urgent and scheduled admissions were registered both in primary care and hospitals. Annual direct medical cost of treating patients with phenylketonuria was €667 per patient. Finally, 66.80% of the patients suffered from chronic conditions affecting two or more systems, likely to correspond to a wide variety of conditions.Conclusions: Altogether, phenylketonuria patient demographics and direct medical costs in Catalonia have been revised. Patients diagnosed with phenylketonuria appeared 1.3-times more likely to suffer from chronic conditions in distinct organ systems, which is expected to have an effect on their use of healthcare resources. These results support the need to adapt and improve the healthcare system, taking multimorbidity into consideration in an effort to control the medical expenses derived. 相似文献
69.
The power of standard panel cointegration statistics may be affected by misspecification errors if structural breaks in the parameters generating the process are not considered. In addition, the presence of cross‐section dependence among the panel units can distort the empirical size of the statistics. We therefore design a testing procedure that allows for both structural breaks and cross‐section dependence when testing the null hypothesis of no cointegration. The paper proposes test statistics that can be used when one or both features are present. We illustrate our proposal by analysing the pass‐through of import prices on a sample of European countries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
70.
Josep Llach Maria Del Mar Alonso‐Almeida Antoni García‐Castellví Llorenç Bagur‐Femenias 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2015,24(8):855-872
Respect for the environment has rapidly gained importance in the context of firms, regardless of their pollution levels. Most of the existing research has related to the most polluting sectors and has been limited to the effect that the adoption of cleaner practices has on performance, primarily in terms of operations, financial performance and competitiveness. This paper expands the research towards a more complete picture of environmental management by examining context, development and performance to understand how other factors can influence the development of cleaner practices. In addition, we focus our research on the service sector. In our analysis, we differentiated between the affiliation and size of the studied companies to better understand their specificities. Based on a sample of 374 restaurants, the results show the importance of the influence of institutions and the limited influence of competitors in encouraging firms to adopt a strategic, clean approach, especially for the smallest firms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment 相似文献