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891.
We examine whether budgets affect individual learning in balanced scorecard (BSC) preparers for the purposes of scorecard target setting. Control systems research has called for studies examining the impact of multiple controls on common decision‐making phenomena. Given this, are there other cybernetic controls (budgets) that might influence the decisions of BSC preparers? From an experimental study involving 235 postgraduate university candidates, our findings suggest that the awareness of progressively greater budget information amongst BSC users in high uncertainty environments engenders greater individual learning about the organisation, altering BSC preparer target‐setting choices. Interestingly, this learning does not necessarily lead to better budget‐actual outcomes, but informs BSC preparers of the constraints facing the organisation from a funding ‘supply side’ perspective. The oft‐criticised budget, even within high uncertainty conditions, facilitates learning in a BSC system originally purported to replace or advance the traditional system. Finally, we contribute more broadly to a growing literature evidencing the appropriateness of budgets in flexible environments, by arguing for its impact on other performance management systems. 相似文献
892.
Cordes Joseph J. Gatzlaff Dean H. Yezer Anthony M. 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2001,22(2-3):287-302
The effects on real estate development of shore-protection efforts that lower erosion rates and storm hazards are both controversial and difficult to detect. A simple theoretical model indicates that shore protection is likely to tilt development from areas a few hundred feet inland toward beachfront property. A modified repeat-sale house price index is used to measure price appreciation rates to the waters edge. We are able to formulate an extremely sensitive empirical test for a tilt in rates of house-price appreciation implied by a tilt in development. Surprisingly, we find no significant evidence that shore-protection efforts have produced additional beachfront development in the Florida counties studied. The method used in this article is quite general and could be used in a number of applications where an environmental effect impacts real estate differentially over space. 相似文献
893.
在此次全球金融危机中,实行浮动汇率的“通胀目标制”国家的表现要优于实行固定汇率的国家。就实际GDP增长率及其波动性来看,实行“通胀目标制”的国家与实行硬钉住汇率的国家的差异性并不显著,但是,二者在通胀率和失业率的变化以及通胀率、名义GDP增长率和失业率的波动性等方面具有显著的差异性,浮动汇率能够更好地抵御金融危机的冲击。 相似文献
894.
Seungho Baek Joseph D. Cursio Seung Y. Cha 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies》2015,44(4):497-536
This research examines the efficiency of nonparametric factor analytic approaches in measuring risk in common stocks of Korean financial firms from the risk‐management perspective. This paper shows that using only one risk factor extracted from principal component analysis, the parallel shift or market movement factor, has sufficient accuracy for downside risk measures. We assess accuracy by applying Monte Carlo simulation to obtain VaR and ES for the Korean financial sector and industries within the financial sector (banks, insurance companies, and investment andsecurity trading companies), and further estimate the risk contagious effect on financial firms. 相似文献
895.
896.
Do Broad‐based Employee Ownership,Profit Sharing and Stock Options Help the Best Firms Do Even Better?
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This article analyses the linkages among group incentive methods of compensation (broad‐based employee ownership, profit sharing and stock options), labour practices, worker assessments of workplace culture, turnover and firm performance in firms that applied to the ‘100 Best Companies to Work For in America’ competition from 2005 to 2007. Although employers with good labour practices self‐select into the 100 Best Companies firms sample, which should bias the analysis against finding strong associations among modes of compensation, labour policies and outcomes, we find that employees in the firms that use group incentive pay more extensively participate more in decisions, have greater information sharing, trust supervisors more and report a more positive workplace culture than in other companies. The combination of group incentive pay with policies that empower employees and create a positive workplace culture reduces voluntary turnover and increases employee intent to stay and raises return on equity. 相似文献
897.
898.
This study examines why and under what conditions firms will make unilateral relationship‐specific investments to their transaction partners. We propose that firms are more likely to make such investments when the investment yields positive economic spillover values for other transactions with the same exchange partners as well as for third‐party transactions. We also model two types of positive inter‐project spillover effects that a transaction may generate: knowledge spillovers and reputation spillovers. We find empirical support for our developed theory in the context of Taiwanese suppliers of original equipment manufacturers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
899.
Joseph M. Bonner Robert W. Ruekert Orville C. Walker Jr. 《Journal of Product Innovation Management》2002,19(3):233-245
While some degree of freedom and flexibility is an essential ingredient to productive cross‐functional NPD teams, upper‐managers are faced with the challenge of instituting effective control mechanisms which head projects in the right strategic direction, monitor progress toward organizational and project goals, and allow for adjustments in the project if necessary. But too much or the wrong type of control may constrain the team's creativity, impede their progress, and injure their ultimate performance. Therefore, this study examines formal and interactive control mechanisms available to upper‐managers in controlling new product development (NPD) projects, and the relationship between these mechanisms and NPD project performance. Formal output and process controls are examined which consist of the setting and monitoring of outcomes, such as goals, schedule and budgets, and of processes and procedures, respectively. This study also looks at how the effectiveness of these control mechanisms may be contingent upon the degree of innovativeness in the project and the degree to which the project is part of a broad product program. In addition, the use of formal rewards for achieving team performance as opposed to rewards for individual achievement is investigated. Lastly, interactive controls are examined which consist of upper‐managers interacting directly with project members in the development of strategy and operational goals and procedures prior to the start of the project, and upper‐managers intervening in project decision‐making. Questionnaire data are collected on 95 projects across a variety of industries. The findings suggest that while NPD projects teams need some level of strategic direction concerning the objectives to be accomplished and the procedures to be followed, upper‐level managers can exert too much control. In particular, the findings showed a negative association between the use of upper manager‐imposed process controls and project performance. The findings also indicated that the degree to which upper‐managers intervened in project‐level decisions during the project was negatively related to project performance. However, the results showed support for the notion that early and interactive decision‐making on control mechanisms is important for effective projects. In particular, early team member and upper‐management involvement in the setting of operational controls, such as goals and procedures for monitoring and evaluating the project, was positively associated with project performance. This study provides additional insight into our understanding of upper‐management support in new product development. The study suggests that upper‐managers can over control with the wrong type of controls, and suggests effective ways of implementing participative and interactive control mechanisms. 相似文献
900.
Joseph Farrell David J. Balan Keith Brand Brett W. Wendling 《Review of Industrial Organization》2011,39(4):271-296
Economists at the Federal Trade Commission pursue the agency’s competition and consumer protection missions. In this year’s
essay, in antitrust, we discuss various aspects of our hospital merger analyses as well as the effects of authorized generic
drugs on consumers and competition. In consumer protection, we describe two ongoing studies on the use of credit-based insurance
scores to price homeowners insurance, and the accuracy of consumers’ credit reports that are provided by credit bureaus. 相似文献