Generation Y female and male decision-making styles in Iran: are they different?

In the early 2000s the Iranian government liberalized investment regulations and many foreign companies entered this high potential market where end-user consumers mainly comprise young people. Unfortunately, there are few studies of shopping behavior. This study compares Generation Y female and male consumer decision-making styles to offer guidelines to Iranian and overseas marketers. Sproles and Kendall's Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI) was adopted. The results show some differences between female and male decision-making styles, suggesting that gender affects shopping behavior. Identification of new traits suggests that CSI cannot be applied without considering socio-cultural factors.     

Interactions between hospital admissions,cost per day and average length of stay

Hospital cost per day (COST), annual admissions per capita (ADMIT), and average length of stay (ALOS) are important health policy variables because each variable provides important information about hospital industry performance. This study uses country-level data to explore the empirical relationships between COST, ADMIT, and ALOSin three steps: OLS estimation, application of the Wu-Hausman endogeneity test, and re-estimation with two-stage least squares. The major results are (i) ADMITand ALOSexert exogenous influences on COSTand (ii) ADMITand ALOSare endogenously related with possible one-way casuality from ADMITto ALOS.     

Using Analytic Hierarchy/Network Process (AHP/ANP) in Developing Countries: Shortcomings and Suggestions

This article intends to shed light on the problems arising in the benefit–cost (BC) analyses through the analytic hierarchy/network process (AHP/ANP) in developing countries when analysts may encounter lack of data, deficient databases, defective information, and, more important, the lack of groups of specialists with considerable expertise. In this article, through a comparison between the AHP/ANP and conventional engineering economy techniques, the major concerns that may be encountered are theoretically addressed. Then, through a real case project appraisal, the specific developing country-related issues that can distort the AHP/ANP results from the BC analysis are demonstrated.     

Impulse buying： An Iranian model

According a model that presenting from Beatty and Ferrell tested with data drawn at one point in time （post shopping interviews） from 20 small shopping in Tehran, Iran. Analysis of data utilizing LISREL 8.5 is supporting all hypotheses, but some of them have negative effect like impulse buying tendency to in store browsing or from money available to impulse buying. Situational variables （time available and money available） were found to influence endogenous variable like positive and negative effect, in store browsing, urge to buy impulsivity and impulse buying. But it is interesting that impulse buying tendency were found to direct effect on impulse buying, like finding Beatty and Ferrell in 1998.     

S&P 500 volatility,volatility regimes,and economic uncertainty

We assess the relationship between regime-dependent volatility in S&P 500, economic policy uncertainty, the S&P 500 bull and bear sentiment spread (bb_sp), as well as the Chicago Board Options Exchange's VIX over the period 2000–2018. Our findings from two-covariate GARCH–MIDAS (GM) methodology, regime switching Markov Chain, and quantile regressions suggest that the association of realized volatility and sentiment varies across high- and low-volatility regimes and depends on investors’ sensitivity toward incidents of market uncertainties under these regimes. The findings suggest that these indicators may not be useful in volatility forecasting, especially under high-volatility regimes.