Poverty,population and environmental degradation in China

This article examines the relationship between poverty, population, and environmental degradation in China. Environmental conditions include water pollution, deforestation, destruction of grasslands, soil erosion, and salinization. The authors review China's success in controlling environmental degradation through leadership, environmental policies, and institutional capacity. Findings suggest that environmental progress is best achieved indirectly by poverty alleviation, market integration, and population control. Government policies were not very effective. Degradation occurs due to limited financial resources, poorly trained personnel, and political factors. Control of water pollution was instituted since the 1980s. The levels of pollutants have been reduced, but the type of pollutant determines the seriousness of impact. Water pollution is due to industrial wastes, agricultural run-off, and soil erosion. Since the 1970s, reforestation targets have not been met. Technical extension and monitoring of planting is not available in most areas, and private, profit seeking interests control acreage. Grassland destruction is due to deforestation, agricultural expansion, and overgrazing. Independent regional authorities have successfully managed pasture programs. Erosion is the most serious in Loess Plateau, the Red Soils area, the Northeast China Plain, and the Northwest Grasslands, which comprise 70% of total land area. In 1990, erosion control was practiced in 39% of eroded land area. Salinization has remained fairly constant. Environmental controls (direct regulation, planned recovery, and state-mandated technological improvements) are uneven. The main tool for environmental management is the State Environmental Protection Commission and its executive unit, SEPA. Problems stem from vague laws, lack of means of enforcement, lack of coordination of laws, and lack of standards, schedules, and other provisions in ordinances.     

Personal strategies for maximizing your value in an uncertain future

Because of the trend toward downsizing and the increase in job insecurity, managers need to consider strategies to ensure that they are not among those who will be laid off in the coming years. This article presents a set of such strategies, which mostly fall into the two categories of skill enhancement and management style adaptation.     

Migration to the United States and Mexican rural development: a case study

An analysis of the impact of migration to the United States on the sending community and on the labor market in the receiving country is presented based on a case study of Las Animas, Mexico. "As the community becomes increasingly involved in migration, tendencies can be identified regarding changing migration patterns, class differentiation among villagers, impact of migration on village economy, and the changing role of Mexican workers in California labor markets. Results indicate the importance of social networks in determining the outcome of migration; while migration is individually rational, it is a factor of stagnation for village economy, and it helps reproduce segmented California labor markets."     

数字广告的6个核心原则

过去几年中。社交网站（例如,FACEBOOK,人人网）和其他用户生成内容网站（例如,土豆,YOUTUBE,FLICKER）纷纷建立。并且它们被运用成为一种广告媒介,这引起了大家广泛的关注。一开始由于人们知识的匮乏,不知道怎样有效地利用因特网使其成为广告媒介,在美国因特网用了好几年的时间才成为了主流广告媒体,现在很值得我们来查看一下人们在提高广告在数字媒介运用的过程中学习到了哪些东西。我通过数字广告的6点核心原则来探讨我们在数字广告中学到了什么。     

亚洲亟须改变严重依赖出口的经济发展模式

【美国《外交》双月刊7-8月】在全球经济危机中发生的所有那些前所未有的事件中,也许迄今为止最惊人和最不祥的发生于2009年初：中国南部和欧洲之间的航运费一度降到零美元。西方消费者的需求减少,出口萎缩,经纪人事实上免收运输费,只收取很少的装卸费。在4月前,数以百计的空船——超过世界货运能力的10％——无所事事地漂浮在亚洲海域上。世界上最繁忙的港口之一、韩国釜山港一度没有地方存放失去了用武之地的、堆积如山的3．2万个集装箱。