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21.
We investigate how investment banks determine the gross spreads paid by American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) from 1980 to 2004. We begin by comparing the gross spreads of ADR IPOs and ADR SEOs to those of matching US IPOs and US SEOs. We document clustering at the 7% level for our ADR IPO sample (44% for the ADR IPO firms without a previous equity listing), whereas our ADR SEO sample exhibits no discernable clustering at any level. We then find that ADR IPO gross spreads can be explained by firm and offer characteristics (similar to our matched sample of US IPOs), and by whether the ADR IPO firm has a previous equity listing. ADR SEO gross spreads can be explained more by offer characteristics (more similar to our matched sample of US SEOs). 相似文献
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Regulatory separation theory indicates that a system with multiple regulators leads to less forbearance and limits producer gains while a model of banking regulation developed by Dell’Ariccia and Marquez (2006) predicts the opposite. Fragmented regulation of the US life insurance industry provides an especially rich environment for testing the effects of regulatory competition. We find positive relations between regulatory competition and profitability measures for this industry, which is consistent with the Dell’Ariccia and Marquez model. Our results have practical implications for the debate over federal versus state regulation of insurance and financial services in the US. 相似文献
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Larry E. Ribstein 《Managerial and Decision Economics》2012,33(4):211-248
American films have long presented a negative view of business. This article is the first comprehensive and in‐depth analysis of filmmakers' attitude toward business. It shows that it is not business that filmmakers dislike but rather the control of firms by profit‐maximizing capitalists. The article argues that this dislike stems from filmmakers' resentment of capitalists' constraints on their artistic vision. Filmmakers' portrayal of business is significant because films have persuasive power that tips the political balance toward business regulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This article describes the nature of empowerment and the implications for empowerment and the purchasing function. The article argues that purchasing's position in organizations can allow it to both model and implement empowerment and thus serve as a foundation for culture change and/or Total Quality Management (TQM) applications. The article then reports research findings about the state of empowerment in purchasing. Research found that purchasers: (1) demonstrated a high degree of readiness for incorporating empowerment in their work settings, (2) have adopted many TQM and continuous empowerment techniques in their organizations, and (3) are working as part of teams in their organizations. Finally, the research demonstrates that those who believed that management perceived the function as a strategic/profit-oriented role were more accepting of empowerment and teaming. 相似文献
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Larry Karp 《Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control》1984,8(1):73-97
Imperfect competition amongst buyers for a non-renewable resource is modeled as a Stackelberg differential game. The buyers may act as a cartel or behave non-cooperatively in setting tariffs, which the sellers take as given. The buyer's optimal policy is not consistent when extraction costs depend on the stock level. Both optimal and consistent, unit and ad valorem tariff's are analyzed. When a buyers' cartel uses a consistent tariff, the sellers may prefer to behave as perfect competitors or a monopolist, depending on the functional form of demand and cost. Non-cooperative buyers who are constrained to act consistently are unable to extract any rent from competitive sellers. 相似文献
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A bstract . Private transfers of income between family members have had significant equalizing effects on the distribution of income in the United States but only recently have they become a subject of research and an element of analysis. Some of the major theoretical developments in the area of income distribution and intergenerational mobility in the rich literature of the grants economy are reviewed. Among the effects of family transfers on income distribution, the most critical considerations in intra-family transfers, tentative results indicate, are those that relate, directly or indirectly, to investments in children during their formative years. Estimates of the size of family transfers include one that in a single year their total was of the magnitude of 30.7 percent of gross national product and another that in 1980 they were 70 percent of total transfers, amounting at least to 1 trillion. Trends in their level and structure are projected. 相似文献
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Review of Industrial Organization - 相似文献