Squandering European Labour: Social Safety Nets in Times of Economic Turbulence

This paper reviews the argument that high long‐term unemployment in Europe is caused by generous social safety nets in times of economic turbulence. We report on the empirical evidence of a more turbulent economic environment and present the theoretical arguments that establish a link between turbulence and high unemployment. We conclude that a cure to the European unemployment problem must entail a reform of the unemployment insurance system so that benefits decline over the unemployment spell. If the social consensus in Europe makes it difficult to implement declining benefits, we suggest that a complementary way of providing incentives for the unemployed would be to reduce their leisure by imposing work requirements.     

The utility of a common coinage: Currency unions and the integration of money markets in late Medieval Central Europe

This paper employs a new method and dataset to estimate the effect of currency unions on the integration of financial markets in late Medieval Central Europe. The analysis reveals that membership in a union was significantly correlated with well-integrated markets. We also examine whether currency unions were endogenous. Our results indicate that where unions were established, markets had been significantly better integrated already in the preceding period. In addition, we show that currency unions created by autonomous merchant towns were better integrated than unions implemented by territorial rulers. The overall implication is that monetary diversity was a corollary of weakly integrated markets in late Medieval Central Europe.     

Incomparable: what now II? Absorption of incomparabilities by a cluster method

Quality & Quantity - When newer compilations of decision support methods are examined, partial order methods as a central methodological aspect are rarely found. This is strange, since the role...     

Industry versus ecology: environment in the new Europe

This paper examines the role of the environment in Central and Eastern European states by pursuing the incompatibility between the economic development needed to maintain the democratic institutions already in place, and the crisis levels of environmental degradation in so many areas of Eastern and Central Europe. It is believed that costs of reversing environmental damages in these areas, and the implementation of sustainable development policies and technologies, are so great that the Eastern European states will be unable to meet them, which may lead to a further decline in the environmental quality in both CEE and the EU. This ability to impact the EU's environment could be the major factor in a decision by the EU to implement environmental taxes against these states. As a result, the possibility is raised that Russia may provide an alternative to the EU in the formation of a economically based bloc, with implications for trade, environment and security issues.     

Robustness and Pricing with Uncertain Growth

We study how decision-makers' concerns about robustness affectprices and quantities in a stochastic growth model. In the modeleconomy, growth rates in technology are altered by infrequentlarge shocks and continuous small shocks. An investor observesmovements in the technology level but cannot perfectly distinguishtheir sources. Instead the investor solves a signal extractionproblem. We depart from most of the macroeconomics and financeliterature by presuming that the investor treats the specificationof technology evolution as an approximation. To promote a decisionrule that is robust to model misspecification, an investor actsas if a malevolent player threatens to perturb the actual data-generatingprocess relative to his approximating model. We study how aconcern about robustness alters asset prices. We show that thedynamic evolution of the risk-return trade-off is dominatedby movements in the growth-state probabilities and that theevolution of the dividend-price ratio is driven primarily bythe capital-technology ratio.     

The diversity of high-frequency traders

The regulatory debate concerning high-frequency trading (HFT) emphasizes the importance of distinguishing different HFT strategies and their influence on market quality. Using data from NASDAQ-OMX Stockholm, we compare market-making HFTs to opportunistic HFTs. We find that market makers constitute the lion's share of HFT trading volume (63–72%) and limit order traffic (81–86%). Furthermore, market makers have higher order-to-trade ratios and lower latency than opportunistic HFTs. In a natural experiment based on tick size changes, we find that the activity of market-making HFTs mitigates intraday price volatility.     

American option pricing with discrete and continuous time models: An empirical comparison

This paper considers discrete time GARCH and continuous time SV models and uses these for American option pricing. We first of all show that with a particular choice of framework the parameters of the SV models can be estimated using simple maximum likelihood techniques. We then perform a Monte Carlo study to examine their differences in terms of option pricing, and we study the convergence of the discrete time option prices to their implied continuous time values. Finally, a large scale empirical analysis using individual stock options and options on an index is performed comparing the estimated prices from discrete time models to the corresponding continuous time model prices. The results show that, while the overall differences in performance are small, for the in the money put options on individual stocks the continuous time SV models do generally perform better than the discrete time GARCH specifications.