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551.
Dieser Aufsatz analysiert das Standortplanungsproblem in der Ebene mit stückweise linearen bzw. stückweise konstanten Transportkosten, die an praxisrelevante Frachtsatztabellen angelehnt sind. Für diese nicht-differenzierbaren Transportkostenfunktionen werden statische und dynamische Verfahren der Linearisierung vorgestellt, die auf Durchschnitts- und Grenzkostenapproximationen basieren. Diese Verfahren werden in einer umfangreichen numerischen Untersuchung mit Ergebnissen verglichen, die sich durch Approximationen der Transportkostenfunktionen mittels linearer und geometrischer Regression ergeben. Die numerischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die dynamischen Linearisierungen sehr gute Resultate liefern, wobei die relative Abweichung von den minimalen Transportkosten von der Anzahl betrachteter Abnehmerorte und der jeweils verwendeten Initialisierung abh?ngt.  相似文献   
552.
The survival pattern of Swedish commercial banks during the period 1830--1990 is studied by parametric and non-parametric event-history methods. In particular we study the sensitivity of the conclusions reached with respect to the model used. It is found that the hazard is inversely U-shaped, which means that models that cannot allow for this type of hazard run into difficulties. Thus two of the most popular approaches in the analysis of event history data, the Gompertz and the Weibull models produce misleading results regarding the development of the death risk of banks over time. As regards the effect of explanatory variables on survival, on the other hand, most models are found to be robust and even in cases of misspecified baseline hazards, the estimated effects of the explanatory variables do not seem to be seriously wrong.  相似文献   
553.
Shiftable Externalities: A Market Solution   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In this paper we propose a regulatory scheme for what has become known as shiftable externalities (Not In My Backyard type garbage location problemswhere the externality is characterized by the absence of jointness in supply).The scheme facilitates the establishment of a market for the externality, and it isfeasible for a wider class of regulation problems and more information efficientthan the other regulatory schemes that have been proposed for this type ofexternality. Finally, we show that it is possible to decentralize the participationdecision so as to take account of verification costs.  相似文献   
554.
    
We assess the predictive accuracies of a large number of multivariate volatility models in terms of pricing options on the Dow Jones Industrial Average. We measure the value of model sophistication in terms of dollar losses by considering a set of 444 multivariate models that differ in their specification of the conditional variance, conditional correlation, innovation distribution, and estimation approach. All of the models belong to the dynamic conditional correlation class, which is particularly suitable because it allows consistent estimations of the risk neutral dynamics with a manageable amount of computational effort for relatively large scale problems. It turns out that increasing the sophistication in the marginal variance processes (i.e., nonlinearity, asymmetry and component structure) leads to important gains in pricing accuracy. Enriching the model with more complex existing correlation specifications does not improve the performance significantly. Estimating the standard dynamic conditional correlation model by composite likelihood, in order to take into account potential biases in the parameter estimates, generates only slightly better results. To enhance this poor performance of correlation models, we propose a new model that allows for correlation spillovers without too many parameters. This model performs about 60% better than the existing correlation models we consider. Relaxing a Gaussian innovation for a Laplace innovation assumption improves the pricing in a more minor way. In addition to investigating the value of model sophistication in terms of dollar losses directly, we also use the model confidence set approach to statistically infer the set of models that delivers the best pricing performances.  相似文献   
555.
Despite the proclaimed advantages and popularity of outsourcing manufacturing and knowledge-intensive business services, there are few and mainly contradictory studies of its short- and long-term effects. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the way in which outsourcing manufacturing and design work relates to performance at plant level. The study is based on a large-scale survey among a representative sample of Swedish engineering plants. The results show no significant effects from outsourcing manufacturing on plant operating performance. The paper further shows that investments in technological and organizational capabilities explain the improvements of performance to a significantly higher extent than does outsourcing. The problems of additional costs and managing dependencies when applying partial outsourcing and separating interdependent key processes provide important insights to the analysis on the effects of outsourcing knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS).  相似文献   
556.
This study asks whether, in a rapidly changing world, the estimated proportion of the world's population with income below US$1 (adjusted according to purchasing power parity) per day is still a good measure of trends in poverty. It argues that strong economic growth in nations such as China implies that the commonly accepted international poverty line definition of one half median national equivalent income is increasingly relevant and that poverty intensity (the normalized deficit or Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) index of order one) is a better summary index. This index has a convenient graphical representation—the “poverty box”. Using the proposed poverty line and the example of ranking the level of rural poverty in Chinese provinces, the study demonstrates how poverty intensity replicates the poverty rankings of the Sen family of poverty indices and captures most of the information content of higher‐order FGT indices.  相似文献   
557.
Zusammenfassung Die Güterstruktur des intraindustriellen Handels: Stabilit?t zwischen den L?ndern und im Zeitablauf. - Gem?\ der vierstelligen ISIC schwankt der Anteil des intraindustriellen Handels am gesamten Au\enhandel mit Industriegütern für eine Gruppe von elf Industriel?ndern zwischen 35 und 80 Prozent. Der intraindustrielle Handel spielt zwischen den Industriel?ndern und hier insbesondere in Europa eine bedeutend gr?\ere Rolle als im Verh?ltnis zwischen Industrie- und Entwicklungsl?ndern. Sein Anteil scheint im Handel zwischen zwei L?ndern um so gr?\er zu sein, je geringer der Unterschied im Durchschnittseinkommen und je kleiner die geographische Distanz zwischen den Handelspartnern ist. Au\erdem findet der intraindustrielle Handel zwischen Industrie- und Entwicklungsl?ndern nicht in denselben Produktgruppen statt wie in denjenigen zwischen entwickelten L?ndern. Es besteht allerdings eine Tendenz, da\ sich die Güterstruktur im Handel der Industrie- und Entwicklungsl?nder im Laufe der Zeit angleicht. Im Gegensatz zu theoretisch fundierten Erwartungen ist der intraindustrielle Handel nicht auf Konsumgüter beschr?nkt, sondern auch für Investitionsgüter und Halbfabrikate wichtig.
Résumé Le commerce intra-industriel par produit: La stabilité de la structure parmi des pays et sur temps. - Mesuré sur le niveau 4 chiffres d’ISIC, la portion du commerce intra-industriel en commerce extérieur total dans le secteur manufacturier varie entre 35 et 80 pour cent pour un échantillon de onze pays industriels. Le commerce intra-industriel est beaucoup plus important parmi les pays développés, particulièrement en Europe, qu’entre les pays développés et développants. La portion du commerce intra-industriel en commerce total de deux pays tend à monter si la différence en revenu moyen et la distance géographique entre les deux partenaires commerciaux tend à baisser. De plus, deux-voies commerce entre les pays développés et développants ne se passe dans les mêmes groupes de biens que celui entre les pays developpés. En contraste de ce qu’on peut attendre de l’analyse théorique le commerce intra-industriel n’est pas limité aux biens de consommation, mais il est aussi important pour les biens d’investissement et les biens demi-fabriqués.

Resumen El perfil del comercio intrasectorial a nivel de productos: estabilidad entre países y en el tiempo. - La participatión del comercio intrasectorial, medida al nivel de 4 dígitos de la CIIU, en el total del comercio internacional de manufacturas varía entre un 35 y un 80 por ciento en una muestra de 11 países industriales. El comercio intrasectorial tiene mayor importancia para el comercio entre países desarrollados, particularmente entre los de Europa, que para el comercio entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo. La participación del comercio intrasectorial en el total del comercio entre dos países tiende a ser más alta, cuanto menor sea la diferencia entre el ingreso medio y la distancia geográfica entre los dos. Además, el comercio entre países desarrollados y en desarrollo no abarca las mismas ramas que el comercio intrasectorial entre países desarrollados. Contrariamente a lo comúnmente esperado, el comercio intrasectorial se da no sólo en bienes de consumo sino también en bienes de capital y en productos semielaborados.
  相似文献   
558.
    
This paper evaluates the welfare consequences of the failing firm defense (FFD) in the EU and U.S. merger laws. To this end, I combine an oligopoly model with an ‘endogenous valuations’ auction model. The FFD is shown to work reasonably well for consumers unless small firms are too small. The FFD may, however, lead to total surplus losses, due to a ‘least danger to competition’ (LDC) condition which favors small, and thus possibly inefficient, firms. It is also shown that, in a multi‐firm setting, the FFD increases the incentive for predation only when the assets are industry‐specific.  相似文献   
559.
This paper addresses the question as to why there tends to be recurring budget deviations in public sector service organizations. In the public sector, budgets and actuals are loosely coupled, and budgets may serve other institutional functions than control purposes. However, little research has addressed how the framing of budget information may explain the different functions of the budgets as control devices. The paper argues that the valence of budget deviations varies between organizations, and that organizations that have a positively oriented valence towards budget surpluses have a propensity to underspend the budgets. Consequently, organizations that have a positively oriented valence towards budget deficits tend to overspend the budgets. The empirical part analyses the budget situations in the Central Bank of Norway and in a large university hospital in Norway. In the case of the Bank, it was found that underspending of budgets was framed as performance measures indicating high organizational efficiency. The Hospital, on the other hand, showed a different picture as budget deficits were the situation during all years studied. One main finding was the key actors’ roles as translators of the society's expectations as to the fulfilling of the organizations’ missions. These translators function as mediators between the institutional context and pressures, the organizations’ goals and the internal budget processes. The conventional wisdom that the budget also acts as a means of communication and as symbols and ritual acts that reflect the institutional contingencies of the organizations, is further developed by describing how organizations’ goals valence the role of budgets.  相似文献   
560.
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