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101.
The search for key sectors in an economy has been and still is one of the more recurrent themes in input–output analysis. When using clustering techniques, sectors can only belong to a group, having a particular performance. But, actually, the same sector could be important from different perspectives at the same time, to a different degree. So, a fuzzy clustering approach is needed. In this work we propose a multidimensional approach to classify the productive sectors of the Spanish input–output table for 1995, based on three groups of variables: those related to their productive integration, others measuring their specific weight in the economy and finally some showing their economic dynamic. We also incorporate into the analysis the technological level, which being a categorical variable presents special methodological problems. All these questions are tackled applying a robust and fuzzy clustering analysis, which gives as a result a classification of sectors illustrating the role that each one plays in the Spanish economy. 相似文献
102.
David Fasenfest Penelope Ciancanelli Laura A. Reese 《International journal of urban and regional research》1997,21(1):7-22
A market paradigm has been dominant in the field of community development, defining how governmental officials, development professionals and even academics view the world, and influencing the way problems are identified, the kind of questions asked, the solutions considered, the criteria for ‘success’ and even the evaluative methodologies employed. This article maintains that the market paradigm has not succeeded from the micro-social perspective of the residents or the development of their communities as a whole. By problematizing two concepts embedded in the market economy paradigm, value (both monetized and non-monetized) and exchange (terms of trade), we offer a concrete vision of urban policy analysis from a social economy paradigm. 相似文献
103.
H.Bruce Lammers Laura Leibowitz George Edw. Seymour Judith E. Hennessey 《Journal of Business Research》1983,11(2):173-185
Despite the predictions of several attitude change theories, most empirical research suggests that humorous communications are no more persuasive than their serious counterparts. The present study adopted a trace consolidation theory approach and tested the hypothesis that humorous appeals are more persuasive than serious appeals when time for trace consolidation is allowed. The trace consolidation theory hypothesis was supported most directly by shifts in cognitive responses. On some measures, sex differences were also observed. Specifically, males were found to be more susceptible than females to the humorous persuasive appeal. 相似文献
104.
The U.S. government's most recent policy initiative to increase industrial research activity is the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984. Since its passage much attention has been given to this new organizational research form, but to date there has not been any systematic investigation of the participants in cooperative research. This paper is an initial attempt to fill that void. First, a classification scheme is presented to describe the research activity of firms currently engaged in cooperative endeavors, as evidenced by mandated filings reported in the Federal Register. Then, a model of inter-firm differences in cooperative research activity is posited and tested using survey-based data for a sample of R&D active firms in the U.S. manufacturing sector. We conclude that market power is the principal determinant of involvement in cooperative research. 相似文献
105.
While in a steady state framework the choice between the wacc approach ( Modigliani‐Miller, 1963 ) and the adjusted present value (APV) approach ( Myers, 1974 ) is irrelevant since the two approaches provide the same result, however, in a growing firm context the wacc equation seems to be inconsistent with the APV result. In this paper we propose a simple model to evaluate the tax savings in a growing firm in order to show under which assumptions the two approaches lead to the same results. We demonstrate that the use of the wacc model in a steady‐growth scenario gives rise to some unusual assumptions with regard to the discount rates to be used in calculating tax shields. We show that the widely used wacc formula, if used, as it is in most cases, in a growth context, implies that a) debt tax shield related to already existing debt are discounted using kd; b) debt tax shield related to new debt, due to company's growth, are discounted, according to a mixed procedure, using both ku and kd. We discuss the inconsistency of such a discounting procedure and the preferred features of the APV approach. 相似文献
106.
Laura Gardini 《Decisions in Economics and Finance》1993,16(1):41-71
Si studia il comportamento dinamico locale e globale di un modello macroeconomico che si rappresenta con un sistema nonlineare di due equazioni alle differenze (sistema dinamico discreto, o mappa). Si mostra come l'uso di un nuovo strumento di analisi, le linee critiche, consenta di studiare molte delle proprietà globali (quali i bacini di attrazione di insiemi invarianti) e delle biforcazioni globali, che si verificano in mappe del piano con inversa non unica. Si prova che il punto fisso localmente attrattivo è anche globalmente attrattivo, mentre in regimi di instabilità del punto fisso esistono curve chiuse, o altri insiemi invarianti (regolari o caotici) di attrazione, in aree assorbenti globalmente attrattive.
Summary The local and global dynamical behaviour of a macroeconomic model, represented by a nonlinear system of two difference equations (discrete dynamical system or map), is studied. It is shown how several properties (as basins of attraction of invariant sets) and global bifurcations occurring in two-dimensional maps with a non-unique inverse can be studied by use of a new analytical tool, the critical curves. It is proven that the locally attractive fixed point is globally attractive, while closed invariant curves or other attractive invariant sets (regular or chaotic) exist in globally attractive absorbing areas, when the fixed point is repulsive.相似文献
107.
Michele?BernasconiEmail author Anna?Marenzi Laura?Pagani 《International Tax and Public Finance》2005,12(6):741-773
Between 1995 and 1999, Italy experienced three episodes of fiscal reform during which different categories of non-debt tax
shields were introduced, including a classical investment tax credit, a system of dual income taxation, and an investment
tax credit restricted to equity financed investments. Using the balance sheets of a large sample of Italian companies, we
construct a data set which allows us to evaluate the impact of the different fiscal interventions. We apply MacKie-Mason's
(1990) method to study incremental financing decisions using discrete choice analysis. The analysis shows that the measures
introduced were successful in reducing the advantage of debt financing relative to equity financing. We relate the findings
to the current literature on the determinants of capital structure.
JEL Code: G32, H25 相似文献
108.
What motivates people in rural villages to share? We first elicit a baseline level of sharing using a standard, anonymous dictator game. Then using variants of the dictator game that allow for either revealing the dictator's identity or allowing the dictator to choose the recipient, we attribute variation in sharing to three different motives. The first of these, directed altruism, is related to preferences, while the remaining two are incentive-related (sanctions and reciprocity). We observe high average levels of sharing in our baseline treatment, while variation across individuals depends importantly on the incentive-related motives. Finally, variation in measured reciprocity within the experiment predicts observed ‘real-world’ gift-giving, while other motives measured in the experiment do not predict behavior outside the experiment. 相似文献
109.
In a panel data model with random effects, when autocorrelation in the error is considered, (Gaussian) maximum likelihood estimation produces a dramatically large number of corner solutions: the variance of the random effect appears (incorrectly) to be zero, and a larger autocorrelation is (incorrectly) assigned to the idiosyncratic component. Thus heterogeneity could (incorrectly) be lost in applications to panel data with customarily available time dimension, even in a correctly specified model. The problem occurs in linear as well as nonlinear models. This article aims at pointing out how serious this problem can be (largely neglected by the panel data literature). A set of Monte Carlo experiments is conducted to highlight its relevance, and we explain this unpleasant effect showing that, along a direction, the expected log-likelihood is nearly flat. 相似文献
110.
Despite the rich and interdisciplinary debate on the role of diversity and communication in group problem-solving, as well as recognition of the interactions between the two topics, they have rarely been treated as a joint research issue. In this paper, we develop a computational approach aimed at modeling problem-solving agents and assess the influence of various levels of diversity and communication in teams on agents’ performance in problem-solving. By communication, we intend a conversation on the persuasiveness of the features characterizing problem-setting. By diversity, we mean differences in how agents build problem representations which allow them to access various solutions. We deploy the concept of diversity along two dimensions: knowledge amplitude, which accounts for the level of available knowledge allowing access to poorer or richer problem representations (compared with complete problem representations), and knowledge variety, which pertains to the differences in the constituents of agents’ representations. We define performance as the frequency with which diverse agents choose the same alternative representation of an agent displaying complete representations of the problem. Our results indicate that communication is more effective when agents elaborate from relatively richer problem representations, as this provides a basis for integrating the variously diverse beliefs of their teammates. Conversely, poorer diverse representations may lead to worse performance when knowledge variety also applies. Lastly, we show that the influence of communication is not monotonically positive, as increasing communication intensity performance may worsen at any level of knowledge availability and knowledge variety. 相似文献