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41.
Adolfo Sachsida Mario Jorge Cardoso de Mendonça Paulo R. A. Loureiro Maria Bernadete Sarmiento Gutierrez 《Empirical Economics》2010,39(1):93-109
The objective of this study is to shed light on the determinants of criminality rates in Brazil. A panel data model was estimated
using Brazilian states’ data. Our main result suggests that income inequality plays an important role in the determination
of the crime rate. Furthermore, there are evidence suggesting that both unemployment and urbanization rates are positively
related to crime. Based on a GMM approach we find the existence of an “inertial effect” on criminality. Besides that, the
GMM results show that public security spending is effective in reducing criminality rates. Contrary to the common wisdom,
we could not find evidence that poverty increases violent crimes. Finally, we have evidence that income inequality Granger
causes crime, but not the reverse. 相似文献
42.
In this article, we study the impact of the development of e-commerce on the concentration of the recorded music industry in France, for the period 2003–2010. First, we find that over the whole period, CD sales, measured at the distributor level, are less concentrated online than offline. Second, we find that sales concentration online has increased between the early period of e-commerce (2003–2006) and the later period (2007–2010). 相似文献
43.
This paper presents a large-scale experiment on the Approval Voting rule that took place during the 2002 French presidential
election. We describe the experiment and its main results. The findings are as follows: (i) Such an experiment is feasible,
and very well accepted by voters. (ii) The principle of approval voting is easily understood and accepted. (iii) Within the
observed political context, compared to the official first-round vote, approval voting modifies the overall ranking of candidates.
(iv) The candidates Le Pen and Chirac, more than the others, were able to convert approval votes into official first-round
votes.
JEL Classification C93, D70, D72 相似文献
44.
Olivier Boiral Jean‐François Henri David Talbot 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2012,21(8):495-516
The aim of this paper is to propose an integrative framework for understanding the determinants of business strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the impact of these determinants on performance. The proposed structural equation model is based on a survey of 319 Canadian manufacturing firms. The study calls into question the traditionally positive relationship between a firm's environmental commitment and its economic motivations. However, the results also show a win–win relationship between the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and financial performance. This study contributes to the understanding of the motivations underlying the efforts manufacturers make to tackle climate change and their economic benefits. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. 相似文献
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When Feedback Interventions Backfire: Why Higher Performance Feedback May Result in Lower Self‐Perceived Competence and Satisfaction with Performance 下载免费PDF全文
In relative performance evaluation systems, appraisers may choose to adopt stricter or laxer evaluation criteria. When laxer (vs. stricter) criteria are used, higher absolute performance evaluations become easier (vs. harder) to achieve. Thus, each appraisee's absolute performance feedback and the mean of the distribution of absolute performance feedback are shifted upward (vs. downward). Yet, relative performance remains constant. When evaluation outcomes depend solely on relative performance, can the adoption of laxer (vs. stricter) criteria—leading to higher absolute performance feedback but no change in relative performance—influence appraisees’ satisfaction with performance? Despite the ubiquity of such systems in organizations, research has not addressed this question. This article points to an important gap between practitioners’ beliefs and research findings. We show that while most appraisers believe that higher absolute performance feedback will automatically result in more satisfaction with performance, the opposite may also happen. Specifically, we find that appraisees with a stronger (vs. weaker) chronic or contextual need to engage in social comparison are more satisfied with lower (vs. higher) absolute performance feedback. Overall, we demonstrate why and how feedback interventions in relative performance evaluation systems may backfire, and suggest a set of practical guidelines for maximizing appraisees’ satisfaction with performance in such systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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