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81.
82.
Summary Bivariate distributions, which may be of special relevance to the lifetimes of two components of a system, are derived using the following approach. As the two components are part of one system and therefore exposed to similar conditions of service, there will be similarity between their lifetimes that is not shared by components belonging to different systems. The lifetime distribution for a given system is assumed to be Gamma in form (this includes the exponential as a special case; extension to the Stacey distribution, which includes the Weibull distribution, is straightforward). The scale parameter of this distribution is itself a random variable, with a Gamma distribution. We thus obtain what might be termed a compound Gamma-Gamma bivariate distribution. The cumulative distribution function of this may be expressed in terms of one of the double hypergeometric functions of Appell.Generalised hypergeometric functions play an important part in this paper, and one of Saran's triple hypergeometric functions is obtained when generalising the above model to permit the scale parameters of the distributions for the two components to be correlated, rather than identical.Work started while the author was with the Transport Studies Group, University College London. 相似文献
83.
Andrew Mitsunori Davenport Kathleen Marie McDill 《Journal of Financial Services Research》2006,30(1):93-109
Though uninsured depositors are recognized as a source of market discipline, the possible disciplinary effect of decisions
made by fully insured depositors have gone largely unexamined. Using proprietary administrative deposit data at the account
level, this paper analyzes depositor behavior at a recently failed institution. The results suggest that although uninsured
deposits exited at a greater rate than insured deposits, the vast majority of deposits withdrawn were fully insured. Among
types of deposit accounts, the rates of withdrawal for fully insured individual, joint, and trust accounts were relatively
high. Uninsured business account owners were highly sensitive to the bank's deteriorating condition. In contrast, owners of
uninsured individual retirement accounts effectively exerted no market discipline.
The opinions expressed in this paper are ours and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
All errors are our own. 相似文献
84.
Marie Bohat 《Business ethics (Oxford, England)》1994,3(2):86-92
Despite the social, economic and ethical problems facing government in the Czech Republic, there are positive signs of a growing concern for ethical business, including the development of codes of conduct and a striking example of new corporate social responsibility. Dr Bohatá is a member of the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Politickych Veznu 7, 111 21 Prague 1, and an Associate Editor of this Review. 相似文献
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Michael L. Mann Robert K. Kaufmann Dana Marie Bauer Sucharita Gopal James G. Baldwin Maria Del Carmen Vera-Diaz 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2012,53(2):279-295
We explore the welfare implications of agricultural expansion in the Brazilian Amazon by comparing spatially explicit estimates of soybean rents and the value of ecosystem services. Although these estimates are generated from different datasets, models, and estimation techniques, the values are comparable, such that the value of ecosystem services is greater than soybean rents for about 61% of the total area and 24% of the area where soybean rents are positive if protected areas are well enforced. Based on the balance between the benefits and costs of conversion, failure to value ecosystem services reduces total social welfare by 7.13 billion dollars annually relative to an optimum. Policy instruments that internalize the value of ecosystem services via protected lands, land conversion taxes, conservation subsidies, or excise taxes can avoid much of this loss. Regardless of intervention regime, policy makers should be cognizant of the diminishing net benefits of converting natural ecosystems to agriculture. Realizing the final 3.8% requires the conversion of an additional 15% natural ecosystems to soybean production. 相似文献
89.
The aim of this study is to provide a foundation for researchers and managers to discuss and resolve difficulties associated with research and development (R&D) target‐setting. While multiple studies mention the difficulty of R&D target‐setting, few have compiled reasons for these difficulties or addressed this issue in detail. This paper provides one of the first studies outlining reasons for R&D target‐setting difficulties through a literature review. It also provides an initial set of analyses and results after applying an emerging quantitative method, Technology Forecasting Using Data Envelopment Analysis (TFDEA), to illustrate these difficulties step‐by‐step to commercial airplanes. Results include determining the state of art in commercial airplane technology and technological rate‐of‐change variants in setting R&D targets. 相似文献
90.
Duo Qin Marie Anne Cagas Geoffrey Ducanes Nedelyn Magtibay-Ramos Pilipinas Quising 《International Journal of Forecasting》2008,24(3):399-413
This paper compares the forecast performance of automatic leading indicators (ALIs) and macroeconometric structural models (MESMs) commonly used by non-academic macroeconomists. Inflation and GDP growth form the forecast objects for comparison, using data from China, Indonesia and the Philippines. ALIs are found to outperform MESMs for one-period-ahead forecasts, but this superiority disappears as the forecast horizon increases. It is also found that ALIs involve greater uncertainty in choosing indicators, mixing data frequencies and utilizing unrestricted VARs. Two ways of reducing the uncertainty are explored: (i) give theory priority in choosing indicators, and include theory-based disequilibrium shocks in the indicator sets; and (ii) reduce the VARs by means of the general-to-specific modeling procedure. 相似文献