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81.
We show an isomorphism between optimal portfolio selection orcompetitive equilibrium models with utilities incorporatinglinear habit formation, and corresponding models without habitformation. The isomorphism can be used to mechanically transformknown solutions not involving habit formation to correspondingsolutions with habit formation. For example, the Constantinides(1990) and Ingersoll (1992) solutions are mechanically obtainedfrom the familiar Merton solutions for the additive utilitycase, without recourse to a Bellman equation or first-orderconditions. More generally, recent solutions to portfolio selectionproblems with recursive utility and a stochastic investmentopportunity set are readily transformed to novel solutions ofcorresponding problems with utility that combines recursivitywith habit formation. The methodology also applies in the contextof HindyHuangKreps (1992) preferences, where ourisomorphism shows that the solution obtained by Hindy and Huang(1993) can be mechanically transformed to Dybvig's (1995) solutionto the optimal consumption-investment problem with consumptionratcheting. 相似文献
82.
GAAP versus The Street: An Empirical Assessment of Two Alternative Definitions of Earnings 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12
Managers, security analysts, investors, and the press rely increasingly on modified definitions of GAAP net income, known by such names as "operating" and "pro forma" earnings. We document this phenomenon and discuss competing explanations for the recent rise in the use of such modified earnings numbers and implications for the interpretation of related accounting research. Our results show that over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in the frequency and magnitude of cases where "GAAP" and "Street" earnings differ. Further, there is a very strong bias toward the reporting of a Street earnings number that exceeds the GAAP earnings number. We also show that the market response to the Street earnings number has displaced GAAP earnings as a primary determinant of stock prices. Finally, through an analysis of earnings releases, we show that management has taken a proactive role in defining and emphasizing the Street number when communicating to analysts and investors. 相似文献
83.
Employee Reload Options: Pricing, Hedging, and Optimal Exercise 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Reload options, call options granting new options on exercise,are popularly used in compensation. Although the compound optionfeature may seem complicated, there is a distribution-free dominantpolicy of exercising reload options whenever they are in themoney. The optimal policy implies general formulas for numericalvaluation. Simpler formulas for valuation and hedging followfrom BlackScholes assumptions with or without continuousdividends. Time vesting affects the optimal policy, but numericalresults indicate that it is nearly optimal to exercise in themoney whenever feasible. The results suggest that reload optionsproduce similar incentives as employee stock options and sharegrants. 相似文献
84.
ADRs,Analysts, and Accuracy: Does Cross Listing in the United States Improve a Firm's Information Environment and Increase Market Value? 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
This paper investigates the relation between cross listing in the United States and the information environment of non‐U.S. firms. We find that firms that cross list on U.S. exchanges have greater analyst coverage and increased forecast accuracy than firms that are not cross listed. A time‐series analysis shows that a change in analyst coverage and forecast accuracy occurs around cross listing. We also document that firms that have more analyst coverage and higher forecast accuracy have higher valuations. Furthermore, the change in firm value around cross listing is correlated with changes in analyst following and forecast accuracy, suggesting that cross listing enhances firm value through its effect on the firm's information environment. Our findings support the hypothesis that cross‐listed firms have better information environments, which are associated with higher market valuations. 相似文献
85.
R. Stephen Elliott Michael J. Highfield Mark Schaub 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2006,32(4):435-448
We examine whether intra–industry information transfers from going–concern audit opinion announcements create contagion or
competitive stock price reactions for other real estate firms operating in the same line of business. Using returns from publicly-traded
land subdivision/development firms and Real Estate Investment Trusts, we find modest evidence supporting a competitive effect
among rival firms as a result of another real estate firm announcing the receipt of a Going Concern Opinion (GCO) from its
independent auditors. 相似文献
86.
Robert J. Bloomfield Mark W. Nelson Steven D. Smith 《Review of Accounting Studies》2006,11(2-3):377-416
This paper presents and tests a model of the price dynamics that arise when investors fail to recognize the redundancy of unrealized gains and losses (“UGLs”) that are correlated with the firm’s past returns. Consistent with the predictions of our model, our experiment shows that a firm’s prices and earnings become highly volatile when correlated investment is large and correlated UGLs are made salient by comprehensive income reporting. The results suggest that including correlated UGLs in performance numbers could induce violations of weak-form efficiency that exacerbate volatility in share prices and earnings. 相似文献
87.
Earnings heterogeneity plays a crucial role in modern macroeconomics. We document that mean earnings and measures of earnings dispersion and skewness all increase in US data over most of the working life-cycle for a typical cohort as the cohort ages. We show that (i) a human capital model can replicate these properties from the right distribution of initial human capital and learning ability, (ii) differences in learning ability are essential to produce an increase in earnings dispersion over the life cycle and (iii) differences in learning ability account for the bulk of the variation in the present value of earnings across agents. These findings emphasize the need to further understand the role and origins of initial conditions. 相似文献
88.
The Dynamics of Location in Home Price 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Alan E. Gelfand Mark D. Ecker John R. Knight C. F. Sirmans 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2004,29(2):149-166
It is well established that house prices are dynamic. It is also axiomatic that location influences such selling prices, motivating our objective of incorporating spatial information in explaining the evolution of house prices over time. In this paper, we propose a rich class of spatio-temporal models under which each property is point referenced and its associated selling price modeled through a collection of temporally indexed spatial processes. Such modeling includes and extends all house price index models currently in the literature, and furthermore permits distinction between the effects of time and location. We study single family residential sales in two distinct submarkets of a metropolitan area and further categorize the data into single- and multiple-transaction observations. We find the spatial component is very important in explaining house price. Moreover, the relative homogeneity of homes within the submarket and the frequency with which homes sell affects the pattern of variation across space and time. Differences between single and repeat sale data are evident. The methodology is applicable to more general capital asset pricing when location is anticipated to be influential. 相似文献
89.
Employee Stock Options, Corporate Taxes, and Debt Policy 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
We find that employee stock option deductions lead to large aggregate tax savings for Nasdaq 100 and S&P 100 firms and also affect corporate marginal tax rates. For Nasdaq firms, including the effect of options reduces the estimated median marginal tax rate from 31% to 5%. For S&P firms, in contrast, option deductions do not affect marginal tax rates to a large degree. Our evidence suggests that option deductions are important nondebt tax shields and that option deductions substitute for interest deductions in corporate capital structure decisions, explaining in part why some firms use so little debt. 相似文献
90.
This paper examines the effect of the structural changes arising from the globalisation of production and innovation and from technological changes on the environment. Drawing on theories of international production from international business and innovation, we assess the impact of long-term technological change and changes in international production on the international division of labour and energy demand. We select two industrial sectors with different technological characteristics (the textile, clothing and footwear sector and the chemical sector). We examine the effects of the globalisation of production and of technological change on these two sectors on the level of industrial production and resource intensity in different regions and countries over the last 30 years. We speculate on the impact of globalisation of production and innovation in future pervasive technologies—information technology, biotechnology and nano-technology. The implications of these developments on industrial greenhouse gases emissions are assessed. 相似文献