Gesamtwirtschaftliche Effekte fiskalischer Unsicherheit

Fiscal uncertainty has potentially far-reaching effects on investment activity and the business cycle. This paper constructs an indicator for fiscal uncertainty in Germany based on (a) the dispersion of professional forecasts for Germany’s budget balance and (b) newspaper coverage frequency of fiscal uncertainty. We find that an exogenous increase in fiscal uncertainty affects the business cycle by significantly lowering investment activity in machinery and equipment. Fiscal rules that increase the degree of fiscal steadiness may contribute to a reduction in fiscal uncertainty and thereby stimulate investment.     

The Bank for International Settlements Capital Adequacy ‘Rules': Implications for Banks Operating in the UK

In December 1987 the Basle Committee of Supervisors, operating under the auspices of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), published guideline proposals for the approach to be taken by supervisors in the Group of Ten (G10) countries to the measurement and assessment of the capital adequacy of ‘internationally-active’ banks operating within their national boundaries. With some minor adjustments, these proposals were duly confirmed in July 1988 following extensive consultations with national supervisory bodies. The implications of these ‘rules', as interpreted and implemented by the Bank of England, for the capital requirements imposed on banks operating in the UK are assessed.     

The Business Value of Process Flexibility

Promising to cope with increasing demand variety and uncertainty, flexibility in general and process flexibility in particular are becoming ever more desired corporate capabilities. During the last years, the business process management and the production/operations management communities have proposed numerous approaches that investigate how to valuate and determine an appropriate level of process flexibility. Most of these approaches are very restrictive regarding their application domain, neglect characteristics of the involved processes and outputs other than demand and capacity, and do not conduct a thorough economic analysis of process flexibility. Against this backdrop, the authors propose an optimization model that determines an appropriate level of process flexibility in line with the principles of value-based business process management. The model includes demand uncertainty, variability, criticality, and similarity as process characteristics. The paper also reports on the insights gained from applying the optimization model to the coverage switching processes of an insurance broker pool company.     

Initial directors of international R&D laboratories

Technology intensive companies establish new R&D laboratories in regions of high innovation and near centers of scientific excellence. Identifying the right R&D director to head up such greenfield investments is central to the success or failure of the new lab. Analyzing 162 interviews with senior R&D managers, we identify eight different directorship profiles. Examples of new R&D sites and their directors include IBM, Daimler, Leica, Microsoft, Xerox, Lucent and Ciba. The initial mission and the intraorganizational and intraregional integration of the new lab are principal factors for director selection, determining expatriate or national management, cultural and ethnic familiarity, as well as local or international transfers. The analysis of succeeding R&D directors indicates a trend towards locally rooted yet organizationally competent R&D managers. The paper concludes with desired qualifications of director candidates for newly established international R&D sites.     

Environmental factors affecting Hong Kong banking: A post-Asian financial crisis efficiency analysis

This paper examines the evolution of Hong Kong banks' technical efficiency during the period 2000–2006 through the prism of the intermediation and production approaches. Using a modified slacks-based model and purging efficiency scores of random errors, we analyse trends in bank efficiency and identify ‘environmental’ factors that affect the scores. Analysis reveals that Hong Kong banks suffered a severe downturn in technical efficiency during 2001 but recovered by 2006. Finally, private housing rent and the net export of goods and services are found to be negatively correlated with bank efficiency, while private consumption is shown to be positively correlated.     

Beyond listening: the distinct effects of proactive versus responsive customer orientation on the reduction of uncertainties at the fuzzy front end of innovation

The extent to which the intensity of R&D employees' interaction with market-oriented employees, proactive customer orientation, and responsive customer orientation affect the ability to reduce product-related uncertainties at the fuzzy front end of innovation was analyzed. They investigated 160 product innovation projects in various high-tech industries and identified proactive customer orientation as an important moderator of the link between R&D employees' interaction with market-oriented employees and the reduction of product-related uncertainties at the fuzzy front end. They also found that responsive customer orientation diminishes the ability to reduce product-related uncertainties at the fuzzy front end. The theoretical and managerial implications of the results are discussed.     

Offshoring and job loss fears: An econometric analysis of individual perceptions

We quantify the impact of offshoring and other globalisation measures on individual perceptions of job security. For the analysis we combine industry-level offshoring measures with micro-level data from a large German household panel survey and estimate ordinal fixed effects models. Our results indicate that offshoring to low-wage countries significantly raises job loss fears whilst offshoring to high-wage countries somewhat lowers them. Over our sample period from 1995 to 2006, offshoring to low and high-wage countries together can account for about 13% of the total increase in job loss fears. High-skilled workers are more sensitive to offshoring although their objective job loss risk is lower relative to low-skilled workers, which we argue reflects the fact that they have more to lose from unemployment.     

Aligning the Mindset and Capabilities within a Business Network for Successful Adoption of Smart Services

This paper explores the synchronized change of mindset and capability within a business network that is driven by the adoption and provision of smart services. The research is implemented as an empirical multi‐case study, and the primary data include interviews and observations in seven globally operating firms. The findings identify two categories of barriers and three categories of alignment needs to successful adoption of smart services. The study combines the institutional theory and dynamic capability perspectives to make three main contributions to the research of service innovation for an improved understanding of the determinants of successful field‐level adoption of smart services. The results show that firms need to align the change of logic and capabilities within the organization and the business network to succeed in the adoption of smart services.