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971.
Paul S. Carlin Michael P. Kidd Patrick M. Rooney Brian Denton 《Southern economic journal》2013,80(1):127-146
We focus on understanding the role of productivity in determining wage structure differences between men and women in academia. The data arise from a pay equity study carried out in a single midwestern U.S. university over the 1996–1997 academic year. Econometric results confirm that external market forces exert influence over both male and female salary. But peer review ratings play a significant role in male but not female earnings determination, with similar results for objective measures of research, teaching, and service. 相似文献
972.
Export growth is seen by governments as being a key to economic recovery. In the United States, the Obama Administration pledged to double exports by the year 2015. To gain greater insights into exporting as an engine for growth, we look to export lenders to understand the contextual changes in export lending, as well as priorities in evaluating exporters. Findings from a study of export lenders on the lender referral list of the Export-Import Bank of the United States suggest that changes in the financial industry's structure over the last two decades, coupled with the economic recession, have motivated policy—at both the lending firm and governmental level—that hampers the ability of exporting to contribute to economic recovery. Further, the findings suggest that current lender policy encourages a focus on short-term returns rather than an exporter's long-term strategic position in the market. Lender preferences, in addition to governmental policies increasing regulation of the financial sector, place significant constraints on economic recovery. Thus, we call for key lender and governmental policy changes that could release industry constraints and unleash the export engine for economic recovery. 相似文献
973.
In the rapidly changing marketing environment, more attention is being placed on media than on message factors. Creativity, which has been shown to impact the success of a product seems to be receiving secondary attention from marketers. This research discusses the value of creative advertising, and why marketers may be less focused on message strategies. The study concludes that creativity is not dead, and will continue to remain an important factor in marketing communications into the future. 相似文献
974.
We examine auction design in a context where symmetrically informed adaptive agents with common valuations learn to bid for a good. Despite the absence of private valuations, asymmetric information, or risk aversion, bidder strategies do not converge to the Bertrand–Nash equilibrium strategies even in the long run. Deviations from equilibrium strategies depend on uncertainty regarding the value of the good, auction structure, the agents? learning model, and the number of bidders. Although individual agents learn Nash bidding strategies in isolation, the learning of each agent, by flattening the best-reply correspondence of other agents, blocks common learning. These negative externalities are more severe in second-price auctions, auctions with many bidders, and auctions where the good has an uncertain value ex post. 相似文献
975.
Michael Fay 《国际广告杂志》2013,32(3):377-404
It has been common practice among members of the advertising community to talk of there having been fashions for particular styles of advertising at different times, but little work has been carried out to investigate the substance of this belief. To evaluate this ‘fashion’ proposition, usage levels were measured for 56 variables in 2,208 advertisements over a 46-year period in magazines from four countries; the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The findings indicated that there had been a tendency for systematic variations in the frequencies of usage in many of the variables measured. The general form of these variations was of cyclical movements about an underlying long-term trend, which were observable for all types of variable studied. While the underlying trends often appeared to reflect developments in the wider society, the cyclical variations appeared to be self-sustaining and largely independent of outside forces. Such behaviour is consistent with the ‘fashion’ hypothesis. 相似文献
976.
Michael Loewy 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2013,22(4):461-486
Cross-section and time-series data suggest that nations substitute income taxes for tariffs as they develop. This paper confronts the data within the context of a two-country open-economy endogenous growth model in which public expenditure is financed by an optimal tariff and income tax. When the latter is subject to administrative costs, the model predicts that the government will optimally substitute the income tax for the tariff as output rises along the transition. The model is calibrated and a simulation yields time paths for the shares of total government revenue derived from the tariff and the income tax that are consistent with the data. 相似文献
977.
Dr. Daniel Oberle Dipl.-Ing. Nadeem Bhatti Dr. Saartje Brockmans Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Michael Niemann Dr. Christian Janiesch 《Business & Information Systems Engineering》2009,1(5):370-390
Business Webs apply the idea of value networks to the WWW. The underlying delivery platform is commonly referred to as the
Internet of Services and will certainly have to deal with a great variety and amount of information about services along several
service information dimensions. As soon as brokerage, discovery, or community feedback parts are decentralized, there emerge
a number of service information challenges (modeling the information in a holistic way, documentation, interlinkage, tool
interoperability, distributed querying, inconsistent information, and cooperation of different stakeholders). In this paper,
we propose to counter such service information challenges by two artifacts. First, we contribute a Service Ontology based
on a sound and rigid foundational ontology. The Service Ontology provides a holistic and consistent way of capturing service
information. We apply the recommendations of the W3C Semantic Web Activity whose recent standardization has already opened
new possibilities for tool interoperability, interlinkage of information, and distributed querying on the web. However, building
and prescribing an ontology in standardized languages is not enough to address all service information challenges. Therefore,
as a second contribution, we provide a method around the ontology including a governance framework, guidelines for applying
the W3C Semantic Web recommendations, a lifecycle-spanning tool chain, and different levels of applicability. We label our
method Semantic Business Web approach, since we build on W3C Semantic Web standards, use and extend them in the Business Web
setting. Both artifacts are constructed in an interdisciplinary way by experts participating in the German lighthouse project
THESEUS/TEXO. The project’s scenario also serves as a proof of concept evaluation of the artifacts. 相似文献
978.
979.
Fabio Boschetti Author Vitae Markus Brede Author Vitae 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》2009,76(4):525-532
Given an exploitation problem, in which a number of agents compete for a limited renewable resource, the optimal harvesting strategy depends on the ratio between resource availability and exploitation effort. For scarce resource a purely competitive, greedy strategy outperforms a more collaborative approach based on the Collective Intelligence, while for more abundant resource the opposite holds. The rationale for this behaviour lies in the amount of information each strategy is able to provide and a combined strategy is possible according to which agents choose dynamically the most informative strategy according to a minimum entropy criterion. This approach, which provides best performance for both under and over-exploited scenarios, can be used to monitor the resource status for management purposes and is effective in both centralised and decentralised decision making. 相似文献
980.
Michael L. Klassen Dennis Clayson Cynthia R. Jasper 《International Review of Retail, Distribution & Consumer Research》2013,23(2):216-224
The Perception of a specific stigma, obesity, and its influence on store image was studied. Previous studies have acknowledged the role salespeople play in the perception of a store's image, but no previous studies have specifically focused on the influence of the physical appearance of sales personnel on store image. The results of an experiment that examined students' perceptions of salespersons' appearance showed that, if a salesperson was described as obese, then the store was perceived as having a poorer image and as being less successful, regardless of the sex of the salesperson or the type of store. The implications of these findings for retailers are discussed in light of the Americans with Disabilities Act and recent legal discussion concerned with protecting physically stigmatized workers. 相似文献