How Project Manager–Project Owner Interaction Can Work Within and Influence Project Risk Management

Inherent interest conflicts between a project management team and project owner are often neglected in project risk management. Risk management by the project management team basically focuses on project short‐term survival, or project success toward handover to the customer, while for the project owner, strategic success should be more important. To see how this takes place in and influences real projects, seven large projects were studied, and interaction in project risk management between the project owners and project management team was examined for each project. The study revealed that the main focus in the studied projects was on operational risks, even within the project owner's set of high‐priority risks.     

Organizations and meta-organizations

Most theories about organizations assume implicitly or explicitly that the members of organizations are individual persons. However, a large and growing number of organizations are “meta-organizations” whose members are other organizations. How organizations function is affected by the kind of members that they have. In this article it is argued that meta-organizations differ from individual-based organizations in important ways, and that they thus call for somewhat different theories. An outline of a theory for meta-organizations is suggested below. It aims to explain three fundamental elements in any theory of organizations: the creating and sustaining of formal organizations, the sources of and the reactions to conflict within organizations, and the question of organizational change.     

OECD,safety, and the consumer

The paper contains a survey of the legal approach taken to protect consumers from unsafe products in OECD member countries during the last decade. The legal approach covers measures such as preparatory, regulatory, monitoring and corrective actions. An important part in the international work to increase product safety efforts is played by the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy. The paper points out that the Committee's working party on product safety has since 1972 produced a considerable number of reports and proposals which have led to Council Recommendations. It seems that many of these have contributed to the development of safety measures in some countries. The author concludes that international cooperation in the field of consumer policy is an indispensable element for increasing the protection of consumers, the maintenance of open international trading systems, and the functioning of markets at the national and international level.

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OECD, Produktsicherheit und der Verbraucher

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag geht davon aus, daß Konsumgüter viele Sicherheitsprobleme mit sich bringen können. Die OECD-Länder haben deshalb verschiedene Ansätze zum Schutz des Verbrauchers entwickelt. In den USA, in England, Holland, Kanada, Japan und in den nordischen sowie in den EG-Ländern existieren Produktüberwachungssysteme. Manche Länder haben Rahmengesetze zur Regulierung einzelner Märkte erlassen. In einigen Ländern gibt es eine Selbstkontrolle der Anbieter und in den meisten Ländern kann der Verkauf gefährlicher Produkte verboten werden. Aber nur in den USA, in Frankreich, Österreich und in Japan gibt es die Möglichkeit, gefährliche Produkte zurückzurufen.Der Beitrag berichtet insbesondere über die Empfehlungen, Veröffentlichungen und die übrige Tätigkeit der Arbeitsgruppe Produktsicherheit im OECD-Verbraucherbeirat. Der Verfasser kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß diese Tätigkeit die Entwicklung zu mehr Produktsicherheit in vielen Ländern gefördert hat. Er ist der Meinung, daß internationale Zusammenarbeit nicht nur für den Schutz der Verbraucher, sondern auch für den freien Handel und die Funktionsfähigkeit nationaler und internationaler Märkte notwendig ist.

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Nils Ringstedt is the Deputy Director General of the National Swedish Board for Consumer Policies, Box 503, S-162 15 Vällingby, Sweden. He is at present Chairman of Wp 3 on Product Safety of the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy.     

Nonlinear trends in real exchange rates: A panel unit root test approach

We analyze the possibility of nonlinear trend stationarity as the alternative to unit roots in 23 OECD real exchange rates, 1974–1998, by adding nonlinear time terms to the CIPS panel unit root test of Pesaran (2007). We follow a thorough bootstrapping approach and propose a technique to adjust statistical significance for the use of multiple tests over several time trend orders. The unit root null that all real exchange rates have unit roots is rejected at better than the 0.05 level. Bootstrapped results from a procedure of Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) suggest that the hypothesis that all are stationary is reasonable. We argue that nonlinear trend stationarity is the most likely alternative hypothesis for at least some of the real exchange rates because: (1) the strongest CIPS rejection occurs when quadratic trends are specified; (2) nonlinear time terms are statistically significant at the 0.10 level; (3) the actual CIPS statistics are more consistent with CIPS sampling distributions from bootstrapped nonlinear trend stationary processes than from linear trend or mean stationary processes.     

Innovations and the role of complementarities in a strategic theory of the firm

In the resource‐based view of strategy and in evolutionary economics, complementary assets play a crucial role in explaining sustainable competitive advantages and innovations. Despite the apparent importance of complementary assets for the understanding of corporate strategy, their creation and the associated managerial problems have been much less discussed. We believe this to be a major weakness in the strategic theory of the firm. Interestingly, problems of coordination and cooperation are center stage in the contract‐based theories of the firm, and we try to integrate some of their insights into a resource‐based perspective. Specifically, we show how complementary assets raise the need for strategic direction by a firm's top management. Moreover, complementary assets magnify internal incentive problems, and their management has an impact on the innovativeness of a firm. Lastly, complementary assets play a crucial role in the internal appropriation of innovative rents. We demonstrate the fruitfulness of our integrated framework by relating some of our findings to the literature on corporate strategy, industry evolution, and organizational structures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Facets of Type A personality and pay increase among the employees of fast food restaurants

Employee satisfaction continues to be a key to an understanding of relatively high turnover rates within the hospitality industry. The present study explores the personality characteristics of employees who receive pay increases in the restaurant industry. One of the two facets of Type A personality ‘achievement striving’ was found to be positively related to all three measures of pay increases but the other facet ‘impatience and irritability’ was not related. The implications of the findings for selection, retention and motivation of restaurant employees are discussed.     

Understanding and breaking the rules of business: Toward a systematic four-step process

Knowing the rules of a business is a prerequisite of being successful. On the other hand, carefully and selectively breaking the rules of management is often the way to exceed the low margins of intensively competitive arenas, especially at a time when technological innovation is limited and industries are tending to consolidate. Drawing on their own practical know-how and intensive research into future business models, the authors of this article call for more dialectic in management thinking. Their “rule-breaking strategy creator” process is a combination of tested consulting and venture capital tools, and provides an entirely new approach to systematic rule-breaking and, thus, competitive advantages.     

Changes in National Technological Competitiveness: 1990, 1993, 1996 and 1999

Georgia Tech's Technology Policy and Assessment Center, with support from the US National Science Foundation, has been generating High-Tech Indicators (HTI) — measures of national technology-based export competitiveness since 1987. This paper reports the HTI results for 33 nations in 1999 in comparison with those of 1990, 1993 and 1996. HTI includes four 'input indicators' and a key 'output indicator' — technological standing. We construct a new composite input indicator here and examine its predictive capability. Input indicators for 1990 and 1993 show intriguing relationships to 1999 technological standing. We compare the indicators for various groups — leading and emerging Western economies, rapidly developing Asian economies, former Eastern Bloc nations and lagging Latin American countries. The USA presently exhibits a dominant position, but signs strongly point toward increasingly broad-based competition in technology-based products.