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101.
    
ABSTRACT

Since the 1980s, ecodesign has emerged as a new guiding principle for integrating environmental aspects into product design and development, with the aim of reducing adverse environmental life-cycle impacts. For China, the concept of ecodesign is becoming important in advancing Chinese industrial development while mitigating the rise in national energy consumption and emissions. We reviewed 28 existing ecodesign labels and supporting programs adopted globally to identify lessons learned and best practices for the development of potential ecodesign labeling programs in China. We find that systematic framework and process and inclusion of various stakeholders in developing criteria, certification requirements and supporting policies in the form of green procurement, small local pilot subsidies, and active outreach and communication are key success factors of international programs. Based on international experiences and by leveraging existing Chinese frameworks for labeling and policies, China has an opportunity to lead in developing broader environmental criteria for a new ecodesign labeling program.  相似文献   
102.
Australia has been progressive by world standards in its programme of airport privatisation and the adoption of a ‘light-handed’ regime of airport regulation. This paper discusses Sydney Airport's experience in negotiating commercial pricing agreements with airlines in the context of the light-handed regime and the Australian infrastructure access arrangements. It concludes that contractual relationships in an environment of informal regulation are able to provide sound, and arguably superior, outcomes to formal price regulation.  相似文献   
103.
104.
The purpose of this research is to measure the extent of usage of microcomputers, compared to mainframe usage, by marketing professionals and to describe how microcomputers are used as an aid in marketing decision-making. A national sample of marketing professionals responded to a questionnaire concerning availability of microcomputers and mainframes, decisions and responsibilities performed with each type of computer, software and hardware used, and selected demographics. The results document considerable diffusion of hardware technology as well as widespread use and satisfaction with available software in the subset responding.  相似文献   
105.
    
Extant theory suggests that the existence of gay space is an important (or even critical) element of gay people's holidays. However, more knowledge on the roles that gay spaces play during the holidays is needed. Drawing on interviews with 53 gay tourists, this paper suggests that the roles gay spaces play differ across gay tourists. Some interviewees enact gay spaces as ‘sanctuaries’, at which one can feel free and openly show one's sexuality. Others feel that gay spaces resemble ‘zoos’, i.e. tourist attractions at which straights gaze upon gays. Finally, some tourists find that gay spaces are too male oriented or even men's turfs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
106.
    
Over the last two decades, a growing concern about ethical behaviour has been observed among consumers. Ethically minded consumers are more inclined towards the consumption of ethical goods, such as green products and fair trade (hereafter, ‘FT’) products, organic products and local products. Establishing the motives that predict FT consumption behaviour provides ground for understanding how consumers make purchase decisions. This research postulates that the intention of buying FT products is influenced by socially conscious behaviour, consumers’ values and emotions. The study, conducted among 268 Canadian consumers, shows that the high intention of buying FT products is linked to high levels of pride, enthusiasm, satisfaction, happiness and joy related to FT product consumption. The FT consumption experience provides consumers with hedonic gratification. It shows that the higher the levels of self‐centred, equality and social justice values are, the higher the intention of buying FT products. An increase in socially conscious behaviour generates an increase in intention of purchasing FT products. The research contributes to a preliminary analysis of the role of emotions in this field and calls for the development of cognitive‐affective models of purchase and consumption behaviour. Understanding the dimensions of hedonic values and the significance of pleasure experience is essential to the development of the theory and practices of FT consumption.  相似文献   
107.
This paper is divided into four parts. It begins with an analysis of the problems inherent in Irish codes of practice. Two major problems are identified: (a) no provision is made for the payment of compensation to consumers who suffer losses as a result of infringements of the codes; (b) the drafters of the codes have a tendency to understate the precise effect of certain legal provisions. The paper then proceeds to an assessment of the advantages of Irish codes of practice. One of their main advantages is that they are more flexible and speedier than the redress procedures provided by law. Another is that the codes are often so far in advance of the law that it is anticipated they will channel its development. The paper also addresses itself to whether the enforcement and monitoring mechanisms enshrined in some of the codes are effective. It concludes by recommending that (a) the terms of the codes which understate the precise effect of legal provisions should be reworded, and (b) all or part of the fines payable by code violators should be channelled to consumers who have suffered losses stemming from the infringements.
Staatlich überwachte Verhaltenskodices in Irland
Zusammenfassung Der im Jahre 1978 erlassene irische Consumer Information Act sieht die Einrichtung einer Behörde für Verbraucherangelegenheiten vor, der neben Uberwachungsaufgaben im Bereich der Werbung mit den Anbietern Verhaltenskodices (codes of standards, codes of practice) aushandeln soll. Inzwischen existieren einige solcher Kodices, insbesondere im Bereich von Werbung und des Versandhandels. Zwei weitere Kodices sind noch im Entwurfsstadium, nämlich für Isoliermaterialien und für Pauschalreisen.Der Beitrag weist auf zwei Hauptprobleme der irischen Kodices hin: sie enthalten keinerlei Vorschriften über Ersatzleistungen zugunsten von geschädigten Verbrauchern im Falle von Verstößen; die Verfasser der Kodices tendieren dazu, die präzisen gesetzlichen Verpflichtungen nur ungenau darzustellen.Weiterhin wird eine differenzierte Beurteilung der bislang vorliegenden irischen Kodices versucht. Einer ihrer Hauptvorteile besteht in ihrer Flexibilität. Verfahren können dadurch schneller erledigt werden als es nach den gesetzlichen Einrichtungen der Fall ist. Ein weiterer Vorteil besteht darin, daß sie der Entwicklung des Rechts so weit voraus sind, daß sie vermutlich seine weitere Entwicklung bestimmen werden. Die Mechanismen zur Durchsetzung und Überwachung sind nur z. T. wirksam; es fehlt an einer wirksamen Erfolgskontrolle. Außerdem fehlen Schieds- und Schlichtungsverfahren, anders als in den entsprechenden englisches Codes of Practice.Der Beitrag schließt mit zwei rechtspolitischen Vorschlägen: Bestimmungen in den Kodices, die den präzisen Inhalt gesetzlicher Verpflichtungen nur ungenau wiedergeben, sollten neu gefaßt werden; die gesamten oder wenigstens ein Teil der Geldbußen, die bei Verstößen gegen Verpflichtungen aus Kodices fällig sind, sollten an geschädigte Verbraucher als Ersatzleistung ausgekehrt werden.


Alex Schuster is a Lecturer in Law at Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.  相似文献   
108.
Abstract

Consumers' variety seeking has preoccupied many researchers over the last three decades, and many explanations and models have been produced. The concept is relevant to market segmentation, but it has not been fully explored. This study explores variety seeking in order to derive a consumer typology based on the strength of the disposition to seek for variety, and the intrinsic needs that trigger this disposition. A quantitative methodology is adopted using a sample comprising customers of a large UK-based clothing retailer. Factor and cluster analyses are used to derive a variety-seeking disposition (VSD) typology. Findings indicate four distinct clusters, which differentiate in terms of the strength of VSD and the built-in needs that drive VSD. Clusters also discriminate in terms of behavioural, attitudinal, and demographic variables, including attitude to clothes, brand commitment, interest in fashion, age, gender, education, and occupation. A number of implications derive from this study in relation to targeting and marketing strategy.  相似文献   
109.
Von Kombilohnmodellen wird eine bessere Integration geringqualifizierter Langzeitarbeitsloser in den Arbeitsmarkt erwartet. Welche F?rderkonzepte gibt es? Welche Anforderungen müssen an die Kombilohnmodelle gestellt werden? Wie schneidet das „Hamburger Modell“ im Vergleich ab? Welche Wirkungen k?nnen für eine bundesweite Ausdehnung des Modells prognostiziert werden? Dr. Michael Gerhardt, 41, ist Leiter des Grundsatzreferates der Beh?rde für Wirtschaft und Arbeit in Hamburg. Er gibt in dem Aufsatz ausschlie?lich seine pers?nliche Meinung wieder; Nina Wielage, 27, hat dort die Entwicklung des Hamburger Modells zur Besch?ftigungsf?rderung seit 2005 untersucht.  相似文献   
110.
The labour force participation rate of married women variesconsiderably between European countries. There may be severalexplanations for this evidence. In this study, the effect ofthe different income tax schemes on female labour force participationis investigated and compared. A common labour supply functionis estimated on cross-section household samples for each ofthe countries Britain, Denmark, Ireland, and East and West Germany.Based on the estimated labour supply functions, we calculatefor each of the countries the hypothetical part time and fulltime participation rates of married women if the householdswere taxed by either separate or split taxation principles,as in Britain and Ireland, respectively. The results suggestthat the design of the tax scheme is highly important for theeconomic incentives that married women face and their resultinglabour supply behaviour.  相似文献   
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