Government monitored codes of practice in Ireland

This paper is divided into four parts. It begins with an analysis of the problems inherent in Irish codes of practice. Two major problems are identified: (a) no provision is made for the payment of compensation to consumers who suffer losses as a result of infringements of the codes; (b) the drafters of the codes have a tendency to understate the precise effect of certain legal provisions. The paper then proceeds to an assessment of the advantages of Irish codes of practice. One of their main advantages is that they are more flexible and speedier than the redress procedures provided by law. Another is that the codes are often so far in advance of the law that it is anticipated they will channel its development. The paper also addresses itself to whether the enforcement and monitoring mechanisms enshrined in some of the codes are effective. It concludes by recommending that (a) the terms of the codes which understate the precise effect of legal provisions should be reworded, and (b) all or part of the fines payable by code violators should be channelled to consumers who have suffered losses stemming from the infringements.

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Staatlich überwachte Verhaltenskodices in Irland

Zusammenfassung Der im Jahre 1978 erlassene irische Consumer Information Act sieht die Einrichtung einer Behörde für Verbraucherangelegenheiten vor, der neben Uberwachungsaufgaben im Bereich der Werbung mit den Anbietern Verhaltenskodices (codes of standards, codes of practice) aushandeln soll. Inzwischen existieren einige solcher Kodices, insbesondere im Bereich von Werbung und des Versandhandels. Zwei weitere Kodices sind noch im Entwurfsstadium, nämlich für Isoliermaterialien und für Pauschalreisen.Der Beitrag weist auf zwei Hauptprobleme der irischen Kodices hin: sie enthalten keinerlei Vorschriften über Ersatzleistungen zugunsten von geschädigten Verbrauchern im Falle von Verstößen; die Verfasser der Kodices tendieren dazu, die präzisen gesetzlichen Verpflichtungen nur ungenau darzustellen.Weiterhin wird eine differenzierte Beurteilung der bislang vorliegenden irischen Kodices versucht. Einer ihrer Hauptvorteile besteht in ihrer Flexibilität. Verfahren können dadurch schneller erledigt werden als es nach den gesetzlichen Einrichtungen der Fall ist. Ein weiterer Vorteil besteht darin, daß sie der Entwicklung des Rechts so weit voraus sind, daß sie vermutlich seine weitere Entwicklung bestimmen werden. Die Mechanismen zur Durchsetzung und Überwachung sind nur z. T. wirksam; es fehlt an einer wirksamen Erfolgskontrolle. Außerdem fehlen Schieds- und Schlichtungsverfahren, anders als in den entsprechenden englisches Codes of Practice.Der Beitrag schließt mit zwei rechtspolitischen Vorschlägen: Bestimmungen in den Kodices, die den präzisen Inhalt gesetzlicher Verpflichtungen nur ungenau wiedergeben, sollten neu gefaßt werden; die gesamten oder wenigstens ein Teil der Geldbußen, die bei Verstößen gegen Verpflichtungen aus Kodices fällig sind, sollten an geschädigte Verbraucher als Ersatzleistung ausgekehrt werden.

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Alex Schuster is a Lecturer in Law at Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.     

HRM as a Significant Factor for Achieving Competitiveness through People: The Croatian Case

This paper evaluates the quality of human resource management (HRM) in Croatia because excellent human resource (HR) policies, programs and activities enable enterprises to maximize their workforce productivity. The research was conducted in enterprises with more than 200 employees. The value of HRM was assessed using the HR audit approach. Fifty-five HR indicators were analyzed from the top 10 Croatian HR enterprises to serve as benchmarks for the final sample of 80 enterprises. Results indicate Croatian enterprises have deficient HR practices, on average. Independent sample t-tests showed 61.82% of HR indicators were significantly better in the benchmark firms. Consequently, HRM in Croatia can not be considered solid ground for achieving competitiveness through people.

The Importance of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sparkling Wine Characteristics and Behavior of Sparkling Wine Consumers in Croatia

ABSTRACT

Sparkling wines accounted for 7.7% of the total wine consumption in 2011 in the world. Even though sparkling wine remains a long way behind still wine in total volume of production, world consumption of sparkling wine is expected to grow at a faster rate with an 8.5% increase by 2016. Although Croatia is a country with a high residual per capita consumption, the share of sparkling wine consumption compared with total wine consumption amounts only 1.3%. To collect data on Croatian sparkling wine consumers’ behavior and attitudes, we performed online research with 273 consumers. The research confirmed the low frequency of sparkling wine consumption. The most important characteristics of sparkling wines for Croatian consumers are their intrinsic characteristics (taste, smell) together with price:quality ratio, while visual appearance, expert reviews, or wine prizes are less important. Consumption of sparkling wines is generally associated with specific celebrations. Due to such perception of exclusive wine use, there is a need to break down this prejudice by better sparkling wine promotion through wine-tasting events, seminars, and gastronomy offers, especially for younger consumers.     

Zoos,Sanctuaries and Turfs: Enactments and Uses of Gay Spaces during the Holidays

Extant theory suggests that the existence of gay space is an important (or even critical) element of gay people's holidays. However, more knowledge on the roles that gay spaces play during the holidays is needed. Drawing on interviews with 53 gay tourists, this paper suggests that the roles gay spaces play differ across gay tourists. Some interviewees enact gay spaces as ‘sanctuaries’, at which one can feel free and openly show one's sexuality. Others feel that gay spaces resemble ‘zoos’, i.e. tourist attractions at which straights gaze upon gays. Finally, some tourists find that gay spaces are too male oriented or even men's turfs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Australia's approach to airport charges: The Sydney Airport experience

Australia has been progressive by world standards in its programme of airport privatisation and the adoption of a ‘light-handed’ regime of airport regulation. This paper discusses Sydney Airport's experience in negotiating commercial pricing agreements with airlines in the context of the light-handed regime and the Australian infrastructure access arrangements. It concludes that contractual relationships in an environment of informal regulation are able to provide sound, and arguably superior, outcomes to formal price regulation.     

Why so Few Women on Boards of Directors? Empirical Evidence from Danish Companies in 1998–2010

This paper analyzes the determinants of women’s representation on boards of directors based on a panel of all privately owned or listed Danish firms with at least 50 employees observed during the period 1998–2010. We focus on the directors who are not elected by the employees and test three hypotheses on female board representation that we denote the female-led hypothesis, the tokenism hypothesis, and the pipeline hypothesis, respectively. We find evidence rejecting the female-led hypothesis. Firms with a female chairperson on the board of directors tend to have significantly fewer other non-employee-elected female board members. We also find clear evidence of a tokenism behavior in Danish companies. The likelihood of enlarging the share of non-employee-elected female board members is significantly smaller if one, two, or more women have sat on the board of directors. Finally, the pipeline hypothesis is partly confirmed. The relation between the female pipeline of potentially qualified directors and female directors is weaker than the similar relation for males. Our findings offer insights to policy makers interested in promoting gender diversity within boardrooms. Our empirical evidence suggests that an important way to increase the female proportion of non-employee-elected board members is that more women reach top executive positions.     

Controversial Advert Perceptions in SNS Advertising: The Role of Ethical Judgement and Religious Commitment

This study attempts to advance knowledge in the area of controversial advertising by examining the antecedents and consequences of controversial advert perceptions in the context of social media, and particularly social networking sites (SNS). Specifically, we explore how ethical judgement and religious commitment shape controversial advert perceptions leading to attitudes towards the advert, brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Our results indicate that when a SNS advert is judged to be ethically acceptable, the level of perceived advert controversy is lower. However, the impact of ethical judgement on controversial advert perceptions becomes significant and positive when intrapersonal commitment and interpersonal religious commitment are introduced as moderators. This result implies that the level of religious commitment changes the ethical judgement–controversial advert perceptions relationship. The results also highlight that controversial advert perceptions negatively influence attitude towards the advert. The study contributes to the limited knowledge on controversial advertising on SNS, yielding significant and relevant implications for academics and advertisers alike, in their effort to improve advertising effectiveness without offending or alienating target audiences.     

Seguridad social y rendimiento empresarial. El caso de las pymes vietnamitas

Se investiga cómo la provisión de cobertura social –un factor clave de la formalidad– afecta al rendimiento de las pymes en Viet Nam. Con datos censales de todas las empresas declaradas de 2006 a 2011, los autores encuentran que las que aumentan su cobertura social en un 10 por ciento experimentan un aumento del ingreso por trabajador del 1,4 al 2 por ciento y un incremento del beneficio de hasta el 1,8 por ciento, dependiendo del tiempo de supervivencia. Sin embargo, dado el desfase entre la «inversión» y sus retornos (mejora del rendimiento), medidas como la subvención de las cotizaciones iniciales podrían incentivar la participación en los regímenes obligatorios.