Three Roads to P2P Systems and Their Impact on Business Practices and Ethics

This article examines some of the most relevant issues concerning P2P systems so as to take sides in today’s strongly polarized debate. The idea is to integrate a context-based perspective with an ontological representation of informational norms; thanks to a procedural outlook which is presented in terms of burden of proof. More particularly, we examine three “roads.” First, the topological approach to complex social networks allows us to comprehend the laws according to which information is distributed through P2P systems and how a “short route” has joined, and sometimes replaced, the traditional “long route” between creator, business, and the public. The second road is the context-based perspective elaborated by Helen Nissenbaum, and developed by Francis Grodzinsky and Herman Tavani: The goal is to determine the norms that govern such an informational flow as norms of appropriateness and distribution. The final road is the informational viewpoint on ethics proposed by Luciano Floridi with the idea that standard ethical theories cannot easily be adapted to deal with the new informational issues emerging with digital technology. While empirical evidence on the impact of P2P systems is still quite controversial, it is crucial to determine on whom the burden of proof falls in a given context, on censors or advocates, by singling out both the default norms and exceptions in the use and development of P2P software.     

The Effect of Ethical Orientation and Professional Commitment on Earnings Management Behavior

The purpose of this study is twofold. The first objective is to examine the impact of an individual’s ethical ideology and level of professional commitment on the earnings management decision. The second objective is to observe whether the presence of a personal benefit affects an individual’s ethical orientation or professional commitment within the context of an opportunity to manage earnings. Using a sample of 375 undergraduate business majors, our results suggest a significant relationship between an individual’s ethical orientation and decision-making. Further, participants with higher levels of professional commitment seem to be less likely to engage in earnings management behavior and less likely to behave opportunistically. These results have the potential to add to our understanding of certain behaviors in entry-level personnel and should be of interest to managers, practitioners, academicians, and researchers.     

Tariff reduction via inflation : U. S. specific tariffs 1972–1979

Zusammenfassung Zollabbau mittels Inflation: Die spezifischen Z?lle der Vereinigten Staaten 1972–1979. -Die spezifischen Z?lle der Vereinigten Staaten — und zwar sowohl die reinen spezifischen Z?lle als auch deren Anteil in zusammengesetzten Z?llen -wurden zwischen 1972 und 1979 nominal festgesetzt. Das bedeutet, da\ die amerikanische Inflation die reale Protektion, die in diesen spezifischen Z?llen zum Ausdruck kommt, in dieser Zeit reduzierte und dadurch die überm?\ige Belastung, die mit diesen Tarifen verbunden ist, herabsetzte. Dieser Aufsatz liefert Sch?tzwerte (1) für die Verringerung der überm?\igen Belastung durch diese Tarife und (2) für die von der Inflation verursachte Verminderung der generellen USZollprotektion. Nach den Sch?tzungen der Autoren verringerte die Inflation zwischen 1972 und 1979 die durchschnittlichen Zolls?tze für Meistbegünstigungsimporte um 11,9 vH. In den Verhandlungen der Kennedy-Runde wurden die Z?lle sch?tzungsweise um 35 vH herabgesetzt, w?hrend der Zollabbau der Tokio-Runde bei 33 vH lag. Die inflationsinduzierte Zollsenkung ist im Vergleich zu diesen formalen Zollsenkungen betr?chtlich. Trotz des günstigen Vergleichs scheinen die Wohlfahrtsgewinne, die sich aus dem inflationsbedingten Abbau ergeben, verh?ltnism?\ig klein zu sein.

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Résumé La réduction de tarif via l’inflation: Les tarifs spécifiques des E.U. 1972–1979. -Des tarifs spécifiques des E.U., purement spécifiques aussi bien que le rapport spécifique des droits composés, ont été fixés en terme nominal entre {dy1972} et 1979. L’inflation des E.U. entre 1972 et 1979 avait réduit le niveau de la protection, qui est implicite dans ces tarifs spécifiques, et diminué ainsi le charge d’excès associé avec ces tarifs. L’article contient des estimations (1) de la réduction du charge d’excès associé avec ces tarifs et (2) de la réduction induite par l’inflation en protection générale des E.U. Les auteurs estiment que l’inflation entre 1972 et 1979 a causé une réduction de 11.9 pourcent du taux tarifaire moyen imposé sur les importations NPF. Les négociations de la ?Kennedy Round? ont réduit, d’après cette estimation, les tarifs de 35 pourcent, pendant que la réduction à la fin de la ?Tokyo Round? se chiffrait à 33 pourcent. La réduction induite par l’inflation se tient favorablement avec les résultats de ces réductions officielles. Malgré cette comparaison favorable les gains de bien-être qui résultaient de ces réductions induites par l’inflation semblent relativement petits.

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Resumen Reducción de axanceles por medio de inflación: Aranceles específicos en los EEUU entre {dy1972} y 1979. -Los aranceles específicos de los EEUU, tanto aquellos puramente específicos como también la porción específica de los aranceles combinados, han permanecido fijos en términos nominales entre 1972 y 1979. Por ello, la inflación que hubo en los EEUU entre 1972 y 1979 redujo el nivel real de protección implicite en los aranceles específicos. En este trabajo se presentan estimaciones (1) de la reducción de la protección asociada con estos aranceles y (2) de la reducción de la protección total del sistema general de aranceles de los EEUU inducida por la inflación. Segün los resultados de los autores la inflación logró disminuir el arancel medio sobre importaciones MFN en un 11,9 por ciento entre {dy1972} y 1979. Las negociaciones en la Kennedy Round habrían reducido la protección en un 35 por ciento, mientras que las de la Tokio Round habrian logrado una reducción del 33 por ciento. La reducción de la protección inducida por la inflación puede compararse ventajosamente con la que ocurrió en estas negociaciones. Sin embargo, los beneficios relativos derivados de la reductión inducida por la inflación resultan marginales.

     

Lead time reduction through ICT application in the footwear industry: A case study

This paper analyses some relevant supply chain management issues for Italian firms operating in the footwear industry. The analysis is carried out on representative firms, located in a specialized regional district with a high density of shoe manufacturing companies. Companies were experiencing substantial problems in the management of supplier relationships, as well as in the commercial/distributive channel. Specifically, synchronization issues in the logistics pipeline were weakening firms’ lead time performances.The case study presented strives to highlight the critical points in the set up of the supply chain management programme, as well as the main results obtained. The case study also shows that the adoption of tailored Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools has the potential to save significant lead time in supplier/buyer relationships. From the case study, generalities can be drawn and transferred to the footwear industry.     

Optimal Price and Selling Effort from the Perspectives of the Broker and Seller

This paper uses numerical solutions of a dynamic optimization model to examine the principal-agent relationship between the seller and broker in residential real estate markets. Potential conflict of interest is quantified in two dimensions, the level of selling effort the broker puts forth, and the reservation price for the property. The dynamic optimization model reveals that the use of a finite duration listing contract will induce the broker to increase his or her effort level compared to an unlimited duration contract, and that the broker's optimal effort will increase over time, becoming greater as the listing contract expiration time draws nearer ("rational procrastination"). The numerical analysis indicates that with plausible parameter values, conflict of interest problems regarding broker effort level are minor or nonexistent near the end of the listing contract, but potentially important near the beginning of the contract. In contrast, the conflict of interest regarding reservation price is more severe near the end of the listing contract and is exacerbated by the use of finite duration contracts, the more so the shorter the contract.     

Stock Exchange Reforms and Market Efficiency: the Italian Experience

This paper examines whether the reforms introduced by the Italian Stock Exchange from 1991 to 1994 (creation of specialised intermediaries, obligation to trade on the official markets, screen-based trading and cash settlement) did increase market efficiency. The issue is addressed using both the traditional information efficiency model, which tests market efficiency by verifying the predictability of prices conditional on some information subset, and a microstructure approach that measures efficiency as the distance of the price movements from their efficient components, represented by a random walk process. The joint analysis of daily and intraday data on prices and volumes validates the hypothesis that most of the reforms have increased market efficiency over the sample period, except for cash settlement, which appears to have substantially reduced it.