European tax systems and the neutrality of corporate financing policy

The different tax systems of European illustrate the variety of ways in which the double taxation of dividends can be reduced. This paper analyses the effect of corporate financing policy under the imputation, dual rate, mixed and classical tax systems, and derives conditions for neutrality of the systems with respect to financing policy-neutrality in the sense that no type of financial policy has favourable tax treatment. The effect of the capital gains tax and heterogenous personal tax rates across individuals are analysed by using a model of stock value. Neutrality depend on the parameters of the tax system and a weighted average of personal tax rates.     

Risk taking with additive and multiplicative background risks

We examine the effects of background risks on optimal portfolio choice. Examples of background risks include uncertain labor income, uncertainty about the terminal value of fixed assets such as housing and uncertainty about future tax liabilities. While some of these risks are additive and have been amply studied, others are multiplicative in nature and have received far less attention. The simultaneous effect of both additive and multiplicative risks has hitherto not received attention and can explain some paradoxical choice behavior. We rationalize such behavior and show how background risks might lead to seemingly U-shaped relative risk aversion for a representative investor.     

An economic efficiency study on different regions of Ghana via Slack-based data envelopment analysis and regression analysis

In this article, we evaluate the efficiency of the 10 different regions of Ghana using slack-based data envelopment analysis, a nonparametric linear programming technique. Furthermore, we analyse the variable effects on the efficiency of the regions by various regression models using bootstrap sampling technique. The data come from the 1991/1992 and 1998/1999 Ghana Living Standards Survey. Our results show that wealth is not strongly related to efficiency. For example, the study indicates that the Brong–Ahafo region is the most efficient region but not the most wealthy in Ghana. Generally, urban regions are not found to be among the most efficient regions due to the high expenditures. The regression analysis shows that female heads of household have an overall positive effect on efficiency. In addition, any form of education obtained is also found to have a significant positive effect on efficiency.     

Multivariate binomial approximations for asset prices with nonstationary variance and covariance characteristics

In this article, we suggest an efficient method of approximatinga general, multivariate log-normal distribution by a multivariatebinomial process. There are two important features of such multivariatedistributions. First, the state variables may have volatilitiesthat change over time. Second, the two or more relevant statevariables involve may covary with each other in a specifiedmanner, with a time-varying covariance structure. We discussthe asymptotic properties of the resulting processes and showhow the methodology can be used to value a complex, multipleexerciseable option whose payoff depends on the prices of twoassets.     

Errors-in-variables in demand systems

The rejection of symmetry and other restrictions in demand systems may be due to measurement errors in the exogenous variables. It is shown that symmetry conditions can be used to identify and consistently estimate a linear model's parameters when measurement error exists. Several identification rules are derived and estimation of identified models is considered. Results are applied to estimation of the Almost Ideal Demand System for the United Kingdom.     

Do financial distress and liquidity crises affect value and size premiums?

This study investigates the impact of liquidity crises on the relationship between stock (value and size) premiums and default risk in the US market. It first examines whether financial distress can explain value and size premiums, and then, subsequently, aims to determine whether liquidity crises increase the risk of value and size premium investment strategies. The study employs a time-varying approach and a sample of US stock returns for the period between January 1982 and March 2011, a period which includes the current liquidity crisis, so as to examine the relationship between default risk, liquidity crises and value and size premiums. The findings indicate that the default premium has explanatory power for value and size premiums, which affect firms with different characteristics. We also find that liquidity crises may actually increase the risks related to size and value premium strategies.     

Independent Financial Advisers – Why They Remain the Strongest Distribution Route for Pensions

Despite financial services companies operating in multiple channels, the Independent Financial Advisers (IFAs) channel remains the most popular distribution route when it comes to pension sales. To understand how they compete and the nature of the strategic groups within this channel, this paper examines how IFAs perceive they add value to the decision making of consumers when purchasing pension products. The paper identifies four strategic groups of the IFA population (operating within the pensions market) based on the benefits they perceive they can add to their service to assist consumer decision making. Using cluster analysis within SPSS from a survey of 468 IFAs, four main groups emerge; these can be classified in terms of (1) analytical skills, (2) value for money, (3) reputation and (4) personalised service.     

Richardson extrapolation techniques for the pricing of American‐style options

In this article, the authors reexamine the American‐style option pricing formula of R. Geske and H.E. Johnson (1984), and extend the analysis by deriving a modified formula that can overcome the possibility of nonuniform convergence (which is likely to occur for nonstandard American options whose exercise boundary is discontinuous) encountered in the original Geske–Johnson methodology. Furthermore, they propose a numerical method, the Repeated‐Richardson extrapolation, which allows the estimation of the interval of true option values and the determination of the number of options needed for an approximation to achieve a given desired accuracy. Using simulation results, our modified Geske–Johnson formula is shown to be more accurate than the original Geske–Johnson formula for pricing American options, especially for nonstandard American options. This study also illustrates that the Repeated‐Richardson extrapolation approach can estimate the interval of true American option values extremely well. Finally, the authors investigate the possibility of combining the binomial Black–Scholes method proposed by M. Broadie and J.B. Detemple (1996) with the Repeated‐Richardson extrapolation technique. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:791–817, 2007