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91.
In this paper, we examine the strategic use of debt in franchise organizations. We focus on both the franchisee's and the franchisor's capital structures. The primary goal of this study is to examine whether franchisors impose limits on franchisees’ debt levels to be able to increase their own leverage. We find that the franchisor's leverage is significantly related to the maximum leverage allowed for the franchisee. As the franchisor sets an upper limit on the franchisee's debt ratio, the franchisor can raise more debt and therefore seizes tax benefits, since interest payments are tax deductible. We find that this effect is stronger in chains with larger fractions of franchised outlets. 相似文献
92.
Patrick M. Erwin 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,99(4):535-548
Corporate codes of conduct are a practical corporate social responsibility (CSR) instrument commonly used to govern employee
behavior and establish a socially responsible organizational culture. The effectiveness of these codes has been widely discussed
on theoretical grounds and empirically tested in numerous previous reports that directly compare companies with and without
codes of conduct. Empirical research has yielded inconsistent results that may be explained by multiple ancillary factors,
including the quality of code content and implementation, which are excluded from analyses based solely on the presence or
absence of codes. This study investigated the importance of code content in determining code effectiveness by examining the
relationship between code of conduct quality and ethical performance. Companies maintaining high quality codes of conduct
were significantly more represented among top CSR ranking systems for corporate citizenship, sustainability, ethical behavior,
and public perception. Further, a significant relationship was observed between code quality and CSR performance, across a
full range of ethical rankings. These findings suggest code quality may play a crucial role in the effectiveness of codes
of conduct and their ability to transform organizational cultures. Future research efforts should transcend traditional comparisons
based on the presence or absence of ethical codes and begin to examine the essential factors leading to the effective establishment
of CSR policies and sustainable business practices in corporate culture. 相似文献
93.
We use propensity score matching methods to quantify the effects of past self-employment experience on subsequent earnings in dependent employment using data on the population of Danish men observed between 1990 and 1996. Our results generally confirm existing studies in that we find that a spell of self-employment is associated with lower hourly wages compared to workers who were consecutively wage-employed. We also show, however, that this effect disappears—and even becomes positive in some settings—for formerly self-employed who find dependent employment in the same sector as their self-employment sector. Hence, the on average negative effect of self-employment is rather caused by sector switching than by the self-employment experience per se. Moreover, formerly self-employed who either enjoyed a high income or hired at least one worker during their self-employment spell receive wages in subsequent dependent employment that are at least as high as for individuals who have been consecutively wage-employed. 相似文献
94.
Matthijs J. H. M. van der Loos Philipp D. Koellinger Patrick J. F. Groenen Cornelius A. Rietveld Fernando Rivadeneira Frank J. A. van Rooij Andr�� G. Uitterlinden Albert Hofman A. Roy Thurik 《Small Business Economics》2011,37(3):269-275
Candidate gene studies of human behavior are gaining interest in economics and entrepreneurship research. Performing and interpreting these studies is not straightforward because the selection of candidates influences the interpretation of the results. As an example, Nicolaou et al. (Small Bus Econ 36:151?C155, 2011) report a significant association between a common genetic variant in the DRD3 gene and the tendency to be an entrepreneur. We fail to replicate this finding using a much larger, independent dataset. In addition, we discuss the candidate gene approach and give suggestions to avoid the publication of false positives. 相似文献
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Biofortification of maize with provitamin A carotenoids is a new approach to the alleviation of vitamin A deficiencies in Africa. Unfortunately these varieties are yellow or orange, while consumers generally prefer white. Consumer willingness to pay for yellow and fortified maize was compared in experimental auctions in three regions in Kenya. The premium that consumers are willing pay for fortified maize (24%) was higher than the discount they require to buy yellow maize (11%), and in one zone consumers prefer yellow. Yellow color is, therefore, not an impossible obstacle for biofortified maize, although it would clearly be easier to introduce this maize first in regions where yellow maize is currently grown. 相似文献
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The cultural theory pioneered by Dame Mary Douglas has been tested with a range of research methods, but it has not yet been made subject to a ‘structured observation’. This method has been developed in psychology and management studies, and is especially useful for testing cultural theory’s prediction that fatalistic, hierarchical, egalitarian, and individualistic ways of perceiving and justifying tend to emerge in group debates about pressing social and environmental issues. We present the results of a structured observation of this prediction. Groups of high school students (aged 17–19) were asked for their opinions concerning three to five ‘wicked’ (i.e., highly complex) problems, and to discuss how to resolve them. Each utterance was coded according to the rationalities proposed by cultural theory. The results confirm cultural theory’s hypothesis that all four specific ways of defining, perceiving and resolving a wicked problem emerge when a number of people debate such an issue. We also discuss how Douglas’ cultural theory can be further developed and tested. Finally, we use our study to outline how the method of structured observation can contribute to political culture research in general. 相似文献