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371.
In this paper, we present a Danish case study of the effectiveness and costs of protecting nitrogen poor nature areas vulnerable to ammonia eutrophication by appointing buffer zones around them. Buffer zones are found to be an important step towards sustainable co-existence of intensive livestock production and nature conservation when local sources are important contributors to eutrophication. Depending on the deposition patterns, buffer zones may be cost-effective compared to re-establishment of eutrophicated locations, but a need for further model analysis is also identified. 相似文献
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We suggest a new perspective on firms' ability to organize collective action. We argue that industries that face a greater number of regulations have an easier time forming a lobby group and sustaining joint lobbying efforts. In particular, firms in industries that are pollution intensive, and therefore incur abatement costs, face an extra policy issue compared with other industries. The prediction that emerges from the theory is that more polluting industries should have greater levels of lobbying contributions. Using U.S. manufacturing sector data, we find empirical support for this hypothesis. 相似文献
375.
We analyze the effects of immigration quotas on growth and welfare in a North-South version of the quality ladders growth model. Quotas in the North increase the growth rate. However, they lower the static utility level and the discounted welfare of Northern workers. Also the discounted welfare of asset owners drops. Hence, unlike in the static migration model where the representative agent in the host country benefits from immigration, in our dynamic model, the representative agent loses despite a positive growth effect. Winners from immigration quotas are the immigrants and the remaining workers in the South. 相似文献
376.
Koen Frenken Marko Hekkert Per Godfroij 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》2004,71(5):485-507
In this article, we analyze R&D portfolios in environmentally friendly automotive propulsion including alternative fuel options. We argue that at the current stage of development, substitution of conventional car technology by a new automotive propulsion technology may lead to premature lock-in of suboptimal technology. To avoid such lock-in, one should value the variety of current R&D activity that enables organizations to learn from multiple options and to create spillovers between options. We further argue that the existence of technological variety is not a sufficient condition to avoid lock-in. Organizational variety is also required to sustain competition and avoid the dominance of few firms that possibly enforce a suboptimal technology within the sector. To assess whether recent developments in R&D have led to both technological variety and organizational competition, we analyze United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patents in low-emission vehicles (LEVs) during the period 1980–2001 using entropy statistics. Results show that both technological variety and organizational competition have increased steadily since the early nineties, suggesting that premature lock-in is unlikely to occur. From an environmental policy evaluation perspective, we consider the findings as a positive evaluation of the 1990 Californian Low Emission Vehicle program. 相似文献
377.
John Morgan Henrik Orzen Martin Sefton Dana Sisak 《Journal of Economics & Management Strategy》2016,25(2):420-454
We report on the results of experiments where participants choose between entrepreneurship and an outside option. Entrepreneurs enter a market and then make investment decisions to capture value. Payoffs depend on both strategic risk (i.e., the investments of other entrepreneurs) and natural risk (i.e., luck). Absent natural risk, participants endogenously sort themselves into entrepreneurial and safe types, and returns from the two paths converge. Adding natural risk fundamentally changes these conclusions: Here we observe excessive entry and excessive investment so that entrepreneurs earn systematically less than the outside option. These payoff differences persist even after many repetitions of the task. With a risky outside option, entry further increases and about one‐third of entrepreneurs adopt a passive strategy, investing little or nothing. Finally, we examine an environment where an individual must become an entrepreneur but chooses the stakes over which she will compete. Due to under‐entry and under‐investment in the high stakes setting, the returns gap grows to over 15 percentage points. A two‐factor model incorporating loss aversion and love of winning can rationalize these returns patterns. 相似文献
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Joan Guàrdia Montserrat Freixa Maribel Peró Jaume Turbany Antonio Cosculluela Maite Barrios Xavier Rifà 《Quality and Quantity》2006,40(4):661-674
Many studies have examined the factors that influence academic performance in primary and secondary education as well as at
university, with the purpose of enhancing learning at these stages and reducing drop-out rates. It is within this research
framework that we want to emphasise the deficient performance of students enrolled on the statistics course in the Faculty
of Psychology at the University of Barcelona. Consequently, this paper attempts to determine the factors that affect student
performance in this subject by undertaking an analysis of a structural equation model and determining its stability over time.
In order to accomplish our objective, we worked with two samples of students enrolled statistics classes. The first group
comprised 211 students enrolled in the academic year 2000–2001, while the second comprised 287 students enrolled in the academic
year 2001–2002. By administering a questionnaire, we obtained information concerning such variables as demographic data, previous
academic record, information related to the subject and the degree of satisfaction with it, and the final mark obtained by
the students in the subject. The parameters for each group of students were estimated separately and the goodness of fit of
the proposed structural model was assessed. The data analysis showed a good fit with both data bases, but the set of estimated
parameters differed in the two academic years under consideration. 相似文献