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61.
This paper evaluates the knowledge–capital model (KCM) of foreign direct investment (FDI) as defined by Braconier et al. (Rev
Int Econ 13(4):770-786, 2005). The model predicts that there are both horizontal and vertical motivations for engaging in FDI. The horizontal motives
regard access to new markets in the case of trade frictions, whereas the vertical motivations imply that multinational enterprises
seek to take advantage of relative skill differences in different countries. The impact of the vertical component in the KCM
has been largely debated and thereby is of the greatest interest. Another issue addressed in the study is the relevance of
spatial interdependencies in FDI flow. To check for these kinds of FDI determinants the KCM model is augmented with a surrounding
market potential and a spatial lag term. By using large data sets for FDI stocks among OECD countries from 1982 to 2003 along
with structural breaks and spatial econometric techniques, the paper evaluates the significance of traditional and spatial
FDI determinants. The results show that the vertical component is indeed important, even for FDI among OECD countries, but
that this importance is clearly decreasing over time. The findings point towards the existence of spatial linkages that are
also compatible with export-platform motivations. 相似文献
62.
Joint production under uncertainty and multifunctionality of agriculture: policy considerations and applied analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Havlik Petr; Veysset Patrick; Boisson Jean-Marie; Lherm Michel; Jacquet Florence 《European Review of Agricultural Economics》2005,32(4):489-515
The impact of various policy instruments on the production ofenvironmental goods that are complementary to or competing withagricultural commodities is analysed in the light of the uncertaintyin output prices and farmers' risk aversion. Some theoreticalassessments are first summarised and then tested on a case studyconcerning beef and grassland biodiversity production in Montsdu Cantal, France. The results of simulations carried out bymathematical programming farm-level models show that joint commodityand non-commodity production is nearly independent of the degreeof farmers' risk aversion, and that commodity-linked policyinstruments are not suitable for the production of environmentalgoods even under uncertainty. 相似文献
63.
We analyze the early labour market experiences of the cohort born in the Netherlands around 1965. Some of them, who left school early, entered the labour market just before the economic crisis of the eighties; the others entered the labour market during the period of high unemployment. We concentrate on the time-period between school-leaving and entering the first job. The individual differences in these initial durations of non-employment are analyzed by estimating hazard functions. 相似文献
64.
Louis G. Pol 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1991,19(1):53-59
The use of demographics in marketing studies has a relatively long history. Given the proliferation of demographic data, and
some of the concern over the shortcomings of demographic contributions to marketing, it is appropriate to assess the use of
demographics in the marketing literature. This study examines the contribution of population data, methods, and models in
six marketing journals from 1980 through 1988. The results show that even though demographics appear in over 15 percent of
the studies, methodological and theoretical shortcomings limit their value. The findings are discussed with respect to application
improvements that should be made. 相似文献
65.
Leen Petré 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2013,20(4):209-222
Abstract Ever since the ‘new approach’ to the achievement of the Internal Market was adopted, the importance of European Standardization has increased. The standardization institutes are now responsible for the technical elaboration of requirements touching upon health and safety of consumers. Therefore, it is of major importance for consumer movements to have an input in the process. In this study, the consumer interest articulation in the ‘new approach’ policy-making process is looked into. The role consumer organizations play in both the pre-standardization and the actual standardization stage are dealt with. Toy safety is taken as a case-study, and the information for the research was mainly gathered from interviews with about 30 representatives of European and national consumer movements, government agencies and industry involved in this field The study shows that the influence of consumers in the pre-standardization stage, when a directive is drafted and a mandate negotiated between the European Commission and the standardization institutes, is limited As concerns the standardization stage, consumers have representation in technical committees and working groups of the European standardization institutes. The participation of European and national representatives is compared The main findings of this research are that consumer input in the actual standardization process is crucial, since their input in the pre-standardization phase is limited. In addition to this, the European and the national consumer representatives are not equally successful in assuring consumer input in this particular policy area. The causes for this difference are considered. 相似文献
66.
We use eSports data to construct an empirical model to measure the effect of diversity on team performance. Different kinds of diversities are considered, diversity of culture, diversity of language and diversity of skill. Our main results are that cultural diversity is beneficial for team performance: the absence of diversity reduces performance by 30%. However, language and experience diversity negatively affect results. Taking the difference in the results into account, we conclude that firms should not thoughtlessly maximize team diversity: different kinds of diversity have different integration and communication costs. 相似文献
67.
68.
Petr Šauer Antonín Dvořák Aleš Lisa Petr Fiala 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2003,24(2):103-119
This paper considers an alternative approachto surface water quality management whensociety is faced with the need to reduce waterpollution in a region with a complicatedregulatory environment. The paper is focusedon a specific kind of negotiation betweenpolluters and an authority, leading toresolution of the problem when there is theinformation asymmetry between the authorityand the polluters, i.e., the true pollutionabatement costs are known to the pollutersonly. This paper reports a laboratory experimentalcase prepared at the Department ofEnvironmental Economics, the University ofEconomics in Prague. The comparison withtheoretical computed first-best results underconditions of full information is included.Political and economic aspects of thesuggested approach are also discussed. 相似文献
69.
This cross-section study of a sample of 278 firms from the COMPUSTAT II database explores the relationship between a firm's profitability and other variables, notably its own R & D capital, knowledge and market spillovers and appropriability. The proxy for knowledge spillovers is based on technological distance. Market spillovers are based on a patent input-output matrix. Both spillover proxies combine information on R & D expenditures and patent counts.The results do not reject the hypothesis that R & D has a direct, positive effect on profitability, especially in industries with effective patent protection. Information spillovers affect profits negatively, market spillovers positively. 相似文献
70.
Howard Van Auken Jeffrey Kaufmann Pol Herrmann 《Journal of Small Business Management》2009,47(1):23-37
Ineffective capital acquisition decisions at start-up may lead to business failure and bankruptcy; a result which is both costly and disruptive to the owners and other stakeholders of the firm. To cope with the risk of failure, owners embark on a variety of risk-reducing activities whereas the U.S. government attempts to moderate the downside effects of such failures through the rules surrounding bankruptcy. Previous studies imply that as owners become more aware of the protections offered through the government regulation of bankruptcy, they should become less concerned with the effects of failure and be willing to raise higher levels of initial capital. Raising higher levels of initial capital, in turn, leads owners to take actions intended to reduce firm risk and to minimize the threat to their personal financial security. Data from a sample of small firms confirm our hypothesis by showing that as the level of initial capital acquisition increases, owners embark on activities intended to reduce firm risk. However, capital acquisition is not associated with the owner's familiarity with bankruptcy regulations. As a result, governmental objectives in establishing these regulations may not be achieved. Our findings have implications for firms' owners, consultants, and policymakers, in terms of the relationship between an entrepreneur's knowledge of bankruptcy laws and the financing of their enterprises. 相似文献