Ageism,early exit,and British trade unions

Union responses to ageism and the early exit phenomenon are here examined, based on documentation received from some 40 British unions. Our results show that though age discrimination is now accorded some prominence in union agendas, policies towards exit are only partially informed by current conceptions of ageism.     

Anesthesiologists and anesthetist: are we paying for outcome or process?

The concept of Value Exchange is fundamental to any discipline that focuses on interactions between providers and consumers. In both the study of Marketing and the study of Economics, one learns that a producer and consumer will engage in an exchange relationship only so long as the value/cost relationship is positive. Once the cost of the exchange is equal to the value of that exchange, further economic activity is irrational. In a market-based economy, the market is obviously the regulator unless there is some imperfection inhibiting the interaction of the buyer and seller. When there is an imperfection, it is the government's responsibility to intervene and function as a proxy promoting rational buying and selling. In this paper, the author will attempt to demonstrate that the consumer has been economically irrational when purchasing anesthesia services and government has been slow and minimally effective when intervening to rectify this market imperfection.     

Organisational culture and nonunion status of small businesses

It is frequently contended that the current non-union status of an organisation is a reflection of the values and preferences of the organisation's founder(s). This article develops and tests a set of hypotheses concerning the factors that lead an organisation founder to desire non-union status.     

A COMMENT ON KLIEVE-MACAULAY'S SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA GAME

Klieve and MacAulay (1993) (KM) analyse bargaining between the Australian and Japanese Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) industries using game theory. The KM model is a Nash equilibrium with symmetrical information, threat functions and a set of biological constraints. When we attempted to include the New Zealand SBT industry as a player in the KM model, we discovered important shortcomings in it. In this comment, we outline three major shortcomings in the KM model and propose an alternative model of a Nash equilibrium for the SBT industry.     

Automation and the future of work: A social shaping of technology approach

Recent years have seen enormous attention paid to automation and its potential implications for the future of work. This study rejects unhelpful speculation and, instead, poses the question ‘what is shaping automation and its predicted effects?’ In contrast to the technological determinism framing much of the current debate, this study utilises the social shaping of technology (SST) approach, a theoretically informed body of research largely overlooked by sociology of work scholars. Compared with mainstream commentary, which treats technology as separate from the social world, SST facilitates examination of how the development and use of technology are shaped by broader socioeconomic concerns and politics. The analysis presented is based on an understanding of how technology is shaped by existing technology, economics, social relations, gender and the state.     

Firm resources and the development of environmental sustainability among small and medium‐sized enterprises: Evidence from the Australian wine industry

Scholars and industry professionals want clarification of the specific firm resources that influence the adoption and development of environmentally sustainable strategies. This paper, set in the context of the Australian wine industry, explores different firm resources that are beneficial for environmentally sustainable development and examines the role of management attitudes and norms in moderating this relationship. It establishes which resources small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) should invest in to be more successful in following environmental principles. The findings of a survey of the owner‐managers of Australian wine‐producing SMEs are reported, and partial least squares structural equation modelling is utilized to analyze the data. Results clearly indicate that successful firms that manage their resources more effectively influence the application of environmental behaviour, with one distinct resource significantly influencing the disclosure of such behaviour. A moderating effect is established which supports the notion that pro‐environmental decision‐making in SMEs is heavily influenced by the attitudes and norms held by management.     

Making space for sex work: female street prostitution and the production of urban space

This article explores the processes by which distinctive red‐light districts are created in western cities, focusing on the changing location of female prostitution in Birmingham (UK). Adapting Henri Lefebvre's ideas on the production of space, as well as Michel de Certeau's distinction between strategies and tactics, the article argues that the changing location of prostitution in the city is the result of a constant interplay between the ordering strategies enacted by the police, council and community protestors and the resistive tactics adopted by sex workers. The net outcome of this process, it is argued, is that a space is created for prostitution so that its resistive potential can be contained within a heterosexually‐ordered city. The article therefore concurs with Lefebvre when he argues that conceptualized space tends to overcode and dominate lived space, but concludes that sex work always threatens to create new ‘spaces of representation’ that challenge the heterosexual ordering of society. En examinant les processus par lesquels se créent des quartiers ‘chauds’ caractérisés dans les villes occidentales, cet article s'intéresse à la délocalisation de la prostitution féminine à Birmingham (Royaume‐Uni). A partir des idées d'Henri Lefebvre sur la production d'espace, et de la distinction établie par Michel de Certeau entre stratégies et tactiques, il est démontré que le changement d'implantation de la prostitution dans la ville résulte d'une interaction permanente entre, d'une part, les stratégies autoritaires décrétées par la police, la municipalité et les opposants membres de la communauté et, d'autre part, les tactiques de résistance adoptées par les travailleuses du sexe. Cette combinaison se solde par la création d'un espace pour la prostitution de sorte que sa ‘résistivité’ puisse être maîtrisée dans le cadre d'une ville régie par un ordre hétérosexuel. L'article rejoint ainsi Lefebvre lorsqu'il affirme qu'un espace conceptualisé tend à sur‐codifier et dominer l'espace vécu ; toutefois, il conclut que le travail du sexe menace constamment de générer de nouveaux ‘espaces de représentation’ défiant l'ordre hétérosexuel de la société.     

The determinants of shareholder value in European banking

This paper examines the determinants of shareholder value creation for a large sample of European banks between 1998 and 2005. As the recent turmoil in global banking systems has illustrated, bank performance can have a substantial influence on efficient capital allocation, company growth and economic development. We use a dynamic panel data model where the bank’s shareholder value is a linear function of various bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic variables. We show that shareholder value has a positive relationship with cost efficiency changes, while economic profits are linked to revenue efficiency changes. Credit losses, market and liquidity risk and leverage are also found to substantially influence bank performance. These results are robust to a variety of different model specifications.     

The relative effect of voice,autonomy, and the wage on satisfaction with work

This article uses data from the 2004 wave of the Workplace Employment Relations Survey to investigate the relative effects of the wage, worker autonomy and voice on self-reported satisfaction with work. The article adds two innovations: it considers a disaggregated measure of job satisfaction that considers satisfaction with the work task itself, and it explicitly compares the relative explanatory power of the wage, voice and autonomy. It is found that voice and autonomy play a much larger role than the wage in explaining satisfaction with work. The results are consistent with the assertion that there is an important distinction between how individuals choose their place of work (decision utility) and what drives job satisfaction once they are employed (experience utility).