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71.
This study examines the factors governing the decision to locate new research and development facilities at locations distant from company headquarters. The 20 firms surveyed are German, Swiss, Dutch, Japanese and Finnish multinationals. Development laboratories, it was found, followed the established pattern of being located away from headquarters only when distant markets attain a critical size. For research laboratories, however, the decisive factor in all cases is a desire to tap into the expertise developing in 'centres of competence' such as the American Northeast in biotechnology. This factor only operates when the new technology is otherwise unfamiliar to the investing company. This factor overrides the conventional wish to minimize the costs of internal and external communications. 相似文献
72.
Starting from the one-dimensional results by Wang et al (1994) we consider the performance of the ordinary least squares estimator
in comparison to the best linear unbiased estimator under an error component model with random effects in units and time.
Upper bounds are derived for the first-order approximation to the difference between both estimators and for the spectral
norm of the difference between their dispersion matrices. 相似文献
73.
Rainer Lenz 《Intereconomics》1999,34(5):241-254
Russia has so far failed to achieve its goal of monetary integration into the international capital markets. Due to the deep financial and currency crisis which began in 1998, the current situation is a far more difficult one than in 1991, at the start of the transformation process. The following article examines the reasons why this situation arose and formulates alternatives to the reform approaches to date. 相似文献
74.
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77.
Rainer Walz 《International Economics and Economic Policy》2010,7(2-3):245-265
Competences for green development and leapfrogging in Newly Industrializing Countries are becoming increasingly urgent from a global perspective. The integration of these innovations into the development process in the rapidly growing economies requires knowledge build-up and technology cooperation. The prospect of exporting sustainability technologies can add an incentive for them to move towards sustainability technologies. These issues also affect innovations to increase material efficiency, which are receiving increasing interest among sustainability innovations. The competences for green development are analyzed with an innovation indicator approach. The general innovation capabilities are evaluated using R&D indicators and survey results about general innovation capabilities. Technological competences in the sustainability fields are a key indicator for the absorptive capacity of sustainability technologies and for the ability to export them. International patents and publications, and successes in foreign trade indicate to what extent a country is already able to participate in global technology markets. The resulting pattern shows various strengths and weaknesses of the analyzed countries. In general, the knowledge build up in material efficiency strategies is above-average in the Newly Industrializing Countries. There is a strong need for strategic positioning of the countries and for coordination of the various policy fields involved. 相似文献
78.
79.
Rainer Offergeld 《Intereconomics》1980,15(4):176-180
The economic implications of the latest upsurge of the oil prices for the whole world—and for the developing countries in particular—are such as to make a strategy of common responsibility of industrialized and developing countries more urgent than ever. Rainer Offergeld, Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation, elucidates his ideas about such a strategy. 相似文献
80.
This article concerns itself with the relationship between implicit moral cognitions and decisions in the realm of business
ethics. Traditionally, business ethics research emphasized the effects of overt or␣explicit attitudes on ethical decision-making
and neglected intuitive or implicit attitudes. Therefore, based on an implicit social cognition approach it is important to␣know
whether implicit moral attitudes may have a substantial impact on managerial ethical decision-making processes. To test this
thesis, a study with 50 participants was conducted. In this study the participants were asked to work on a deliberative managerial
ethical decision-making task, in which they had to decide on one of two options. Implicit moral attitudes towards the two
options were measured using the implicit association test (IAT). A semantic differential scale was used to diagnose explicit
moral attitudes towards the two options. Each step taken within the deliberative decision-making process, as well the decision
itself, was assessed using a scoring model-based decision analysis and a decision-making questionnaire. The results of this
study show that implicit moral attitude has a great influence on the deliberative ethical decision-making process. The derived
conclusion is that complex and deliberative decision-making processes in the context of business ethics can be affected by
implicit social cognitions such as implicit moral attitudes. 相似文献