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991.
We study incentives to vertically integrate in an industry with vertically differentiated downstream firms. Vertical integration
by one of the firms increases production costs for the rival. Increased production costs negatively affects quality investment
both by the integrated firm and the unintegrated rival. Quality investment by both firms decreases under any (vertical integration)
scenario. The decrease in quality invesment by both firms softens competition among downstream firms. By integrating first,
a firm always produces the high quality good and earns higher profits. A fully integrated industry, with increased product
differentiation, is observed in equilibrium. Due to increase in firm profits, social welfare under this structure is greater
than under no integration. 相似文献
992.
This paper analyzes the effect of banking crises on market discipline in an international sample of banks. We also evaluate how bank regulation, supervision, institutions, and crisis intervention policies shape the effect of banking crises on market discipline. We control for unobservable bank, country, and time specific effects using a panel data set of banks from 66 countries around 79 banking crises. The results suggest that on average market discipline weakens after a banking crisis. This weakening is higher in countries where bank regulation, supervision, and institutions promoted market discipline before the banking crisis, and where a more accommodative approach is adopted to resolve it. 相似文献
993.
A model for negotiation is developed upon the basis of a previous model called Fuzzy Negotiation Solution by Knowledge Engineering.
The new model, called Compensatory Negotiation Solution by Knowledge Engineering and FNSKE are based on the combination of
knowledge of experts in negotiation, rather than on classical notions of rationality. The experts in negotiation present four
propositions in a non-mathematical way and with a natural language, according to the theory of Knowledge Engineering. In the
CNSKE model, knowledge is represented through logic predicates, and the calculations are made using the Compensatory Fuzzy
Logic system. CFL is a system whose operators satisfy the axioms of Utility. The CFL operators, especially because of the
compensation property, are more adequate than the norm and co-norm’s operators to model human decision-making, according to
empirical results. The Good Deal Index in CNSKE is statistically estimated from the GDI in FNSKE. This is a quantitative index,
which provides the solution concept. The fuzzy function f(C) represents the likelihood the players of a coalition C to reach an agreement into this coalition. Counterpart Convenience Indexes 1, 2 allow each player to select the best coalition
for negotiation. The advantage of CNSKE over FNSKE is that the idempotency of conjunction and disjunction operators give every
membership function -obtained from the predicates- the possibility to be interpreted by itself. Hence, the truth-values of
the CNSKE membership functions can be semantically interpreted. In addition, CNSKE can be easily applied to solve real negotiation
problems. 相似文献
994.
Fernando Martín-Alcázar Pedro M. Romero-Fernández Gonzalo Sánchez-Gardey 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,107(4):511-531
The purpose of this study is to examine how workgroup diversity can be managed through specific strategic human resource management
systems. Our review shows that ‘affirmative action’ and traditional ‘diversity management’ approaches have failed to simultaneously
achieve business and social justice outcomes of diversity. As previous literature has shown, the benefits of diversity cannot
be achieved with isolated interventions. To the contrary, a complete organizational culture change is required, in order to
promote appreciation of individual differences. The paper contributes to this discussion by exploring the implications of
this change for human resource management, and explaining how the systems of practices should be changed when they are directed
to diverse groups. The model designed to test this notion includes: (1) demographic and human capital diversity as independent
variables, (2) group performance (measured as innovation outcomes) as the dependent variable and, (3) the orientation of the
strategic human resource management system as a potential moderator of this relationship. The main conclusion of the empirical
analysis developed is that different patterns of human resource management practices can be used, depending on the type of
diversity that the organization faces, and the specific effects that it wishes to manage. Concretely, three alternative management
systems are identified in this paper, with different moderating effects. This result has interesting implications for human
resource management professionals, explained in the last section. The limitations of this study are also discussed, as well
as some issues that future research in this field should address. 相似文献
995.
Cátia Felisberto 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2012,12(1):21-46
A static model is developed to analyse the incumbent’s innovation strategy under monopoly and duopoly. A number of potential
objectives for the incumbent are modelled here, including the maximization of revenue, profit, and welfare (which are common
among the network industries). Its marginal cost depends upon investment in new technologies and processes. The incumbent
chooses its price and its level of investment in innovation. The incumbent’s elasticity of demand under both market structures
and the incumbent’s market share under duopoly determine which market structure creates more incentives to innovate. For certain
values of these variables, duopoly provides more incentives to innovate than monopoly. As expected, the incentives to innovate
increase when the incumbent places greater weight on social welfare. 相似文献
996.
Analysis of electricity prices for Central American countries using dynamic conditional score models
In this paper, we compare the performance of dynamic conditional score (DCS) and standard financial time-series models for Central American energy prices. We extend the Student’s t and the exponential generalised beta distribution of the second kind stochastic location and stochastic seasonal DCS models. We consider the generalised t distribution as an alternative for the error term and also consider dynamic specifications of volatility. We use a unique dataset of spot electricity prices for El Salvador, Guatemala and Panama. We consider two data windows for each country, which are defined with respect to the liberalisation and development process of the energy market in Central America. We study the identification of a wide range of DCS specifications, likelihood-based model performance, time-series components of energy prices, maximum likelihood parameter estimates, the discounting property of conditional score, and out-of-sample forecast performance. Our main results are the following. (i) We determine the most robust models of energy prices, with respect to parameter identification, from a wide range of DCS specifications. (ii) For most of the cases, the in-sample statistical performance of DCS is superior to that of the standard model. (iii) For El Salvador and Panama, the standard model provides better point forecasts than DCS, and for Guatemala the point forecast precision of standard and DCS models does not differ significantly. (iv) For El Salvador, the standard model provides better density forecasts than DCS, and for Guatemala and Panama, the density forecast precision of standard and DCS models does not differ significantly. 相似文献
997.
Dolores Añón Higón Juan A. Máñez Amparo Sanchis Juan A. Sanchis 《Applied economics letters》2018,25(6):393-396
This article provides evidence on the effect of the Great Recession on productivity convergence among European Union (EU) economies. We use firm data, aggregated at the country-year level, to analyse the evolution of beta-convergence on total factor productivity (TFP) for 2003–2014. We obtain a positive impact of the recession on TFP (unconditional and conditional) beta-convergence across EU economies. These results support the existence of a catching-up process within the EU during the recent financial crisis. Other macroeconomic and institutional characteristics are important in fostering TFP growth, namely R&D intensity and quality of governance. 相似文献
998.
999.
1000.
Franchisors capitalize on franchisee entrepreneurial capacity to grow. However, enabling franchisees to develop their ventures may damage system consistency. This dilemma makes conflict particularly prevalent in the field of franchising. Nevertheless, prior research has reported an incomplete picture of factors leading to serious disagreement and premature termination in franchise partnerships. We address this gap, first, by adding the entrepreneurial autonomy of franchisees as a relevant but underexplored source of conflict and, second, by providing a more fine-grained analysis of franchisors’ versus franchisees’ drivers of termination. Specifically, we focus on the controversial issues of pricing and local advertising policies and analyze how expanding franchisees’ entrepreneurial autonomy in these decision areas is related to contract terminations depending on who ended the relationship (the franchisor or a franchisee). The study also highlights less controversial requirements and conditions (e.g., upfront investments, franchisor experience …) that may reduce early terminations. Our empirical objectives are met by using survey data from a sample of franchisor companies. The results show how the performance outcomes of entrepreneurial autonomy differ depending on the decision area in which it is exercised. Results also throw light on the consequences of various critical franchise policies that may be masked if both types of termination (franchisors vs. franchisees) are considered together. 相似文献