Life among the environmentalists: An elaboration on Wildavsky's “economics and environment/rationality and ritual”

The author elaborates the ideas presented by Wildavsky in “Economics and Environment/Rationality and Ritual” to clarify their meaning for the ecological debate and for the accounting profession. The differences between economic and environmental rationality are further clarified and the contribution of both ways of thinking to social discourse is suggested.     

Models for the social accountability of computing

This article examines the social dilemmas of computer use and strategies for ensuring the accountability of computing to the public. Improving the social accountability of computing means finding ways to organize groups that develop, manufacture, sell or use computer-based systems, and their markets, so that the broader public is well served. Six public policy strategies for social accountability of computing are commonly proposed: competitive market arrangements; administrative authority; professional control; regulatory commisions to administer legislative acts; judicial enforcement and review of legislative acts; and citizen action. Inspection shows that each model has problems in either its practical effectiveness or its appropriateness for computing.     

Report on consumer problems when buying a car

According to the European Consumer Law Group, the following objectives should be reached by national or international action: For new cars: 1. better consumer information through statutory obligation for the seller to deliver (a) a booklet with standardised information on price, safety, fuel consumption, and maintenance costs and (b) a written form mentioning a number of essential contractual data (i. a., price); 2. better information against unfair prices, by forbidding price increases between order and delivery, unless a long delivery term (six months or more) has been agreed on; 3. better protection against delays in delivery by obliging sellers to indicate a precise and binding delivery date in the contract; 4. better compensation of losses due to defects: each purchaser of a car should be given a statutory guarantee during a minimum period, covering all parts and repairs; 5. increased intra-brand and inter-state competition in the car business through a serious surveillance of selective distribution and abuses of economic power and breaking up barriers of imports between member countries; 6. the introduction of a period of reflection for the consumer should be considered. For used cars: 1. the liability of the manufacturer or importer for defects should be maintained as a principle; 2. the professional seller should also be liable for defects during a reasonable time after the sale; 3. the consumer should have pre-purchase information on a number of essential points which are to be considered as conditions of the contract; 4. the sale of unroadworthy cars should be prohibited and the introduction of tamper-proof odometers should exterminate car mileage fraud; 5. better compensation of losses due to defects should be made possible by means of a statutory minimum guarantee; 6. the consumer should have a period of reflection.

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Zusammenfassung Nach Meinung der European Consumer Law Group sollten durch internationale und nationale Maßnahmen folgende Ziele erreicht werden: Bei neuen Kraftfabrzeugen: 1. bessere Unterrichtung des Verbrauchers durch eine gesetzliche Verpflichtung für den Verkäufer zur Ausgabe (a) eines Informationsbuches mit standardisierten Angaben über Preis, Sicherheit, Treibstoffverbrauch und laufende Kosten sowie (b) eines schriftlichen Vertrages mit der Angabe einer Anzahl wesentlicher Vertragsbestimmungen (z. B. Preis); 2. besserer Schutz gegen unangemessene Preise durch Verbot der Preiserhöhung zwischen Bestellung und Lieferung, es sei denn, eine lange Lieferfrist (sechs Monate oder mehr) sei vereinbart worden; 3. besserer Schutz gegen verzögerte Lieferung durch die Verpflichtung der Verkäufer zur Angabe eines genauen und verbindlichen Lieferdatums im Vertrag; 4. bessere Entschädigung gegen Schäden, die auf Fehlern beruhen; jeder Käufer eines Fahrzeugs sollte eine gesetzliche Garantie für eine Mindestdauer eingeräumt erhalten, die für alle Teile und Reparaturen gilt; 5. erhöhter Wettbewerb innerhalb einer Marke und zwischen verschiedenen Staaten durch ernsthafte Überwachung der selektiven Vertriebsmethoden und des Mißbrauchs wirtschaftlicher Macht sowie durch Beseitigung der Importschranken zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten; 6. die Einführung einer Überlegungsfrist für Verbraucher sollte erwogen werden. Bei Gebrauchtfahrzeugen: 1. grundsätzlich sollte die Haftung des Herstellers oder Importeurs für Fehler fortbestehen; 2. der gewerbsmäßige Händler sollte während einer angemessenen Zeit nach dem Verkauf ebenfalls haften; 3. der Verbraucher sollte vor dem Kauf über bestimmte wesentliche Umstände unterrichtet werden; diese Umstände sollten Bedingung des Vertrages sein; 4. der Verkauf nicht verkehrsfähiger Fahrzeuge sollte verboten werden; die Einführung fälschungssicherer Kilometerzähler sollte Fälschungen der zurückgelegten Kilometerzahl unmöglich machen; 5. eine gesetzliche Mindestgarantie sollte geschaffen werden, die einen besseren Ausgleich für Schäden infolge von Fehlern des Fahrzeugs ermöglicht; 6. der Verbraucher sollte ein Recht auf eine Überlegungsfrist erhalten.

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Contact Address of the European Consumer Law GroupJules Stuyck, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Rechtsfakulteit, Tiensestraat 41, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.     

AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE MARKETING OF PERISHABLE PRODUCTS

This paper analyses the problem of marketing uncertainty for producers of perishable products. It argues that there are two main features to this marketing uncertainty: uncertainty of demand at the market price due to quality considerations; and uncertainty of transport services associated with the independence and cost of such services. Moreover a negative correlation between the uncertainties of demand and transport services may be shown theoretically to be an additional cost for producers, and as such may be sufficient to create a reversal of supply response to a given change in market conditions.     

A METHOD FOR EVALUATING SUPPLY RESPONSE TO PRICE UNDERWRITING

In this paper a method for evaluating the supply response of individual producers to a price underwriting scheme is presented. The method includes precise formulae to take account of the impact of price underwriting on the producer's uncertain conditions. The Australian Wheat Board's guaranteed minimum price scheme is taken as a specific example of price underwriting in practice. Results show the scheme to lead to only relatively small supply responses. The impact on producer behaviour of an increase in price uncertainty in the presence of an underwriting scheme is also demonstrated in the paper.     

FOCUS: Women in Management: An Empirical Exploration of Ethical Issues

Dr Goffee reviews empirical evidence on the labour market position and work experience of women managers, assesses the kind of work situations which are likely to be perceived by women managers - and, in some cases, their partners and colleagues - as involving an "ethical" dimension, and suggests possible sources of differentiation in the experiences of European women managers which are worthy of further comparative research. The author is Associate Professor of Organisational Behaviour at London Business School.     

An item response theory approach to constructing and evaluating brief and in-depth financial literacy scales

We applied item response theory (IRT) to construct and evaluate new brief and in-depth financial literacy scales. A survey of a UK adult sample (N = 589) included 50 questions to assess knowledge about managing financial resources and competence in using personal finance-related information—including five widely used items, on interest rates, inflation, investment diversification, mortgages and bonds. IRT applied to a scale of these items identified some limitations, overcome via further iterations to construct a new brief scale with sound psychometric properties. IRT was then applied iteratively to our pool, resulting in an in-depth, 20-item scale, also psychometrically sound, covering four broad financial domains: everyday money transactions; the concept of money; borrowing; and saving and investment. Parallel 10-item sub-scales were also evaluated. The validity of the new scales was demonstrated by regression analyses which found that, controlling for demographic variables, financial literacy predicted key indicators of financial well-being.