The relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment: Is Portugal an outlier?

The present paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurship, as measured by the variation in business ownership rates, and unemployment in Portugal in the period from 1972 to 2002. It concludes that Portugal has been a relative outlier in regard to the effects of entrepreneurship on unemployment when compared with the OECD average. Although the nature of entrepreneurship may be different in the Portuguese case, due to a high proportion of “micro-businesses” created for subsistence which have little impact on growth and employment, this factor does not seem to be the primary reason for the observed discrepancies. The differences between observed levels of unemployment for Portugal and those predicted by a model based on OECD data seem to be mostly associated with macroeconomic fluctuations associated with European business cycles and EU “cohesion” funding, as well as with adjustment costs to new technology adoption which lead to productivity slowdowns, thus increasing the time lag for the effect of entrepreneurship on employment beyond the OECD average.     

Environmental taxation for environmental regulation and fiscal policy: An analysis of a Clinton-type BTU tax

This paper provides an empirical study of energy taxes for achieving environmental and fiscal policy objectives. Based on an energy tax structured like Clinton's 1993 BTU tax proposal, we demonstrate that the optimal tax will be higher the greater the environmental costs associated with energy consumption and the larger the economic distortions associated with alternative revenue-raising policies. Greater environmental damages and higher revenue-raising costs also have a fiscal policy implication; they shift the least-cost tax mix for raising additional revenue toward energy taxes and away from conventional tax alternatives.The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of two anonymous referees, who provided very helpful feedback. We also wish to acknowledge outstanding research assistance from Tracy Terry of the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington. Of course, the results and conclusions of the paper are the authors' exclusively.     

THE NATURE OF PRICE MOVEMENTS DURING SINGLE SALES FOR THREE INDIVIDUAL WOOL TYPES SOLD IN SYDNEY

Price series for three wool types sold in Sydney are tested for the presence of serial correlation using the von Neuman ratio. The results indicate that it is unusual to find significant serial correlation between prices during a single sale. These results have implications for the use of various statistical techniques in wool marketing research and for buying tactics in the market generally.     

Intergeneration differences in consumer behavior: Some evidence from a Developing Country

Investigation of consumer socialization processes provide insights into the learning of consumer skills and values. A study conducted in India reveal that children may be important sources of information and this role needs to be specifically fostered. Parents, especially mothers, may not be “rational” socializing agents. These findings contrast with those from socialization studies conducted in affluent societies such as the United States. These differences in socializing influences reflect to some degree differences in levels of economic development. However, they have implications for socialization research and policies in both types of economies.     

Planning models for non-cooperative situations: A two-player game approach

In the analysis of urban systems, attempts are usually made to subdivide the system into a set of interest groups, according to the.pursuit of certain common purposes. The behaviour of each group is described in terms on an objective and a set of variables under its control. Groups may be linked through the occurrence of variables controlled by other groups either in their objectives, in their constraints, or both. In this paper, the problem is addressed, whereby equilibrium states are sought for situations where one group is the planning authority, exercising policy instruments to influence system outcome at a level different to that required to reasonably describe the macro behaviour or objectives of all groups in the system, including the authority itself. The principles are illustrated on some specific models, and alternative means of handling various classes of intergroup linkages are investigated.     

Les subventions des taux d'intérêt et le prix de la terre agricole au Québec

Cet article analyse les variables influençant le prix de la terre agricole au Québec et analyse, plus spécifiquement, l'impact des taux d'intérêt sur emprunt puisque ce dernier est subventionné au Québec. On propose un modèle tenant compte de l'activité agricole et de l'activité non agricole. Un impact positif des recettes agricoles sur le prix de la terre est principalement noté dans les régions près des centres urbains où l'agriculture est concentrée, soit en périphérie de Montréal et dans la région de Québec. Les sources de revenus non agricoles ont un impact significatif sur le prix des terres settlement dans la région la plus urbaine, soit prés de Montréal. Selon les coefficients de flexibilité calculés et les taux d'intérêt en vigueur au cours de la période étudiée, l'abolition des subventions du taux d'intérêt pourrait initier une chute de l'ordre de 15% a court terme et de 7% a long terme du prix de la terre dans les régions de Québec et de Montreal.