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251.
Since the energy crisis of 2000–2001 in the western United States, much attention has been given to boosting demand response
in electricity markets. One of the best ways to let that happen is to pass through wholesale energy costs to retail customers.
This can be accomplished by letting retail prices vary dynamically, either entirely or partly. For the overwhelming majority
of customers, that requires a change out of the metering infrastructure, which may cost as much as $40 billion for the US
as a whole. While a good portion of this investment can be covered by savings in distribution system costs, about 40% may
remain uncovered. This investment gap could be covered by reductions in power generation costs that could be brought about
through demand response. Thus, state regulators in many states are investigating whether customers will respond to the higher
prices by lowering demand and if so, by how much. To help inform this assessment, this paper surveys the evidence from the
15 most recent pilots, experiments and full-scale implementations of dynamic pricing of electricity. It finds conclusive evidence
that households respond to higher prices by lowering usage. The magnitude of price response depends on several factors, such
as the magnitude of the price increase, the presence of central air conditioning and the availability of enabling technologies
such as two-way programmable communicating thermostats and always-on gateway systems that allow multiple end-uses to be controlled
remotely. In addition, the design of the studies, the tools used to analyze the data and the geography of the assessment influence
demand response. Across the range of experiments studied, time-of-use rates induce a drop in peak demand that ranges between
3 and 6% and critical-peak pricing (CPP) tariffs induce a drop in peak demand that ranges between 13 and 20%. When accompanied
with enabling technologies, the latter set of tariffs lead to a reduction in peak demand in the 27–44% range. 相似文献
252.
This study examines OECD fully unbundled and line sharing monthly wholesale prices for 2002–2008. The results are informative with economic analysis appearing to inform regulator decision making. However, with the cost proxy (viz., copper-wage relative price, population density, urbanisation and business line penetration), regulator costing methods (long run incremental and fully allocated cost), and time trend arguments only explaining approximately 40% of the price variation there remains ample unexplained variation, and political and institutional variables may help reduce this. Finally, both price series are subject to increasingly rapid value declines, although the patterns are somewhat distinct. This suggests that initial prices are truly transitory. 相似文献
253.
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255.
M.E. Seliaman Ab Rahman Ahmad 《Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review》2009,45(3):409-418
In this paper, we deal with more generalized inventory coordination mechanism in an n-stage, multi-customer, non-serial supply chain, where we extend and generalize pervious works that use algebraic methods to optimize this coordinated supply chain. We establish the recursive expressions for this multi-variable optimization problem. These expressions are used for the derivation of the optimal replenishment policy and the development of the solution algorithm. Further, we describe a simple procedure that can help in sharing the coordination cost benefits to induce all stages to adopt the inventory coordination mechanism. We provide a numerical example for illustrative purposes. 相似文献
256.
Jaleel Ahmad 《International economic journal》2013,27(1):35-48
This paper attempts to interpret the recent growth of south-south trade in manufactures, with a view to highlight the Key factors that propel its growth, and to examine its implications for north-south trade. This is done in the framework of a modified Heckscher-Ohlin model of bilateral trade between three tiers of countries, viz., the developed countries of the OECD, the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs), and the Less Developed Countries (LDCs). The paper also provides empirical estimates from trade data for the years 1970–1982 in order to illustrate a key proposition of the model. [420] 相似文献
257.
258.
Mohamad Ahmad Abou Hamia 《Review of Development Economics》2020,24(3):1102-1127
This study contributes new evidence on why the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has failed to create decent jobs for decades. The growth accounting exercise reveals that the region suffered from an acute total factor productivity (TFP) deficit in the 1990s; it improved remarkably in the 2000s, before deteriorating significantly in the period between 2010 and 2017. Throughout the three subperiods, the region’s growth relied heavily on capital accumulation. The severe deficit in TFP and the heavy reliance on physical capital for decades impaired the region’s ability to sustain economic growth and to create decent jobs in the long run. The study recommends more government interventions in knowledge accumulation as a critical precondition for employment generation in developing countries. 相似文献
259.
Ahmad E El-Safty 《Journal of Economic Theory》1976,13(2):319-328
Suppose that past consumptions of the first r commodities (r < n) influence present consumption. Then, the long-run demand function to which demand converges maximizes the equilibrium short-run utility function only under very restrictive conditions. The long-run demand functions can be rationalized by a utility function, different from the equilibrium short-run utility function, if and only if the short-run utility function is such that past consumptions of any good that experience, learning, or taste changes is separable from all other goods. The class of such utility functions has been found. 相似文献
260.
Announcement period abnormal returns for target banks are generally considered low compared to non-bank mergers. In this paper the factors that influence those returns in European bank mergers is examined. Sixty-seven deals from the EU, Norway and Switzerland are studied for which both targets and acquirers were listed companies (some of these being cross-border mergers and acquisitions), and find that European cross-border acquisitions tend to generate higher returns than national acquisitions. Cash deals and deals that are settled by a mix of cash, equity and loan notes create higher returns than equity transactions. It was also found that the target profitability and the relative asset growth rate have significant positive relation with the stock return. In addition, the significance of loan quality, the relative cost to income ratio and the ratio of loans to deposits, all point to the importance of efficiency in the European financial services industry. 相似文献