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271.
Iain Coyne Samuel Farley Carolyn Axtell Christine Sprigg Luke Best Odilia Kwok 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2017,28(7):945-972
Although the literature on traditional workplace bullying is advancing rapidly, currently investigations addressing workplace cyberbullying are sparse. To counter this, we present three connected research studies framed within dysempowerment theory (Kane, K., & Montgomery, K. (1998). A framework for understanding dysempowerment in organizations. Human Resource Management, 37, 263–275.) which examine the relationship between volume and intensity of cyberbullying experience and individual mental strain and job satisfaction; whether the impact is more negative as compared to traditional bullying; and whether state negative affectivity (NA) and interpersonal justice mediate the relationship. Additionally, we also considered the impact of witnessing cyberbullying acts on individual outcomes. A total sample comprised 331 UK university employees across academic, administrative, research, management and technical roles. Overall, significant relationships between cyberbullying exposure and outcomes emerged, with cyberbullying exposure displaying a stronger negative relationship with job satisfaction when compared to offline bullying. Analysis supported an indirect effect between cyberbullying acts and outcomes via NA and between cyberbullying acts and job satisfaction via interpersonal justice. No support for a serial multiple mediation model of experiencing cyberbullying to justice to NA to outcome was found. Further, perceived intensity of cyberbullying acts and witnessing cyberbullying acts did not significantly relate to negative outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed. 相似文献
272.
Material flow accounting and analysis (MFA) has been established as an influential framework for quantifying the use of natural resources by modern societies. So far, however, no reference data for overall scale and trends of global extraction of natural resources and their distribution between different world regions has been available. This paper presents the first comprehensive quantification of the material basis of the global economy, i.e. used domestic extraction in a time series from 1980 to 2002. We analyse time trends for major material groups (fossil fuels, metals, industrial and construction minerals, and biomass) disaggregated into seven world regions. This allows for (a) an illustration of the global economy's physical growth driven by worldwide processes of economic integration over the past decades, and (b) an indication of the worldwide distribution of environmental pressures associated with material extraction. The results show that annual resource consumption of the world economy increased by about one third between 1980 and 2002. This indicates that scale effects due to economic growth more than compensated for other effects, such as the relative increase of the service sectors' contribution to GDP (structural effect) and the use of new production technologies with higher material and energy efficiency (technology effect). The observed growth of natural resource extraction is unevenly distributed over the main material categories, with metals showing the highest growth rate. The regional analysis shows the increasing importance of Asia and Latin America in global resource extraction. On the global level, material intensity, i.e. resource extraction per unit of GDP, decreased by about 25%, indicating relative decoupling of resource extraction from economic growth. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for a more sustainable use of natural resources. 相似文献
273.
274.
The distribution of the ratio X/Y is derived when X and Y are independent Fréchet random variables. Extensive tabulations of the associated percentage points are also given. 相似文献
275.
This paper analyzes the structure of hiring costs of skilled workers in Germany. Using detailed and representative firm‐level data on recruitment and adaptation costs of new hires, we find that average hiring costs amount to more than 8 weeks of wage payments (€4700). The structure of hiring costs is convex, as an increase in the number of hires by 1 percent increases hiring costs by 1.3 percent. We find moderate effects of labor market institutions on the magnitude but none on the structure of hiring costs. Furthermore, we provide evidence in favor of monopsony power in the German labor market. 相似文献
276.
Results on probability integrals of multivariate t distributions are reviewed. The results discussed include: Dunnett and Sobel's probability integrals, Gupta and Sobel's probability integrals, John's probability integrals, Amos and Bulgren's probability integrals, Steffens' non‐central probabilities, Dutt's probability integrals, Amos' probability integral, Fujikoshi's probability integrals, probabilities of cone, probabilities of convex polyhedra, probabilities of linear inequalities, maximum probability content, and Monte Carlo evaluation. 相似文献
277.
Ficawoyi Donou-Adonsou Sokchea Lim Samuel A. Mathey 《International Advances in Economic Research》2016,22(1):65-75
This paper investigates the impact of telecommunications infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa. We use the World Development Indicators database and apply the instrumental variable-generalized method of moments to a panel of 47 countries over the period 1993–2012. The results show that the Internet and mobile phones have contributed to economic growth. A one percentage point increase in Internet and mobile phone usage raises growth by 0.12 and 0.03 percentage points, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that the development of telecommunications infrastructure fosters economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. With much room for potential growth enhancement of telecommunications infrastructure, policies to expand access or reduce cost should be strongly encouraged by African governments, particularly as far as the Internet is concerned. 相似文献
278.
Samuel Gbari Michel Poulain Luc Dal Michel Denuit 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2017,21(3):397-416
In this article, the force of mortality at the oldest ages is studied using the statistical tools from extreme value theory. A unique data basis recording all individual ages at death above 95 for extinct cohorts born in Belgium between 1886 and 1904 is used to illustrate the relevance of the proposed approach. No leveling off in the force of mortality at the oldest ages is found, and the analysis supports the existence of an upper limit to human lifetime for these cohorts. Therefore, assuming that the force of mortality becomes ultimately constant, that is, that the remaining lifetime tends to the Negative Exponential distribution as the attained age grows is a conservative strategy for managing life annuities. 相似文献
279.
Review of Industrial Organization - This article merges theoretical literature on non-controlling minority shareholdings (NCMS) in a coherent model to study the effects of NCMS on competition and... 相似文献
280.
Samuel Garrido 《Explorations in Economic History》2011,48(1):66-82
This article stresses that tenants are more motivated to improve the holding when they have formal property rights over their improvements. In this case, however, their rights over the improvements usually come into conflict with the landlords' rights over the land. Through a comparison with what happened elsewhere in Europe, the article analyses the attempts to delineate and ensure both rights in nineteenth-century England. No wholly satisfactory solution was found to the problem and the article concludes that this is one of the reasons explaining the poor performance of English agriculture in the early twentieth century. 相似文献