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11.
In 2007–2008, when food prices started to increase dramatically, purchasing power parity of consumers, especially the urban poor, started to decrease automatically. High food prices were argued to cause poverty, hunger, and food riots among urban populations. Henceforward, “food crisis” became a new storyline in the current debate. In contrast, in the pre-2007 period, when rural farmers had been facing negative welfare effects of low food prices for many years, there were no crisis talks. This article analyzes different media coverage of urban consumers and rural producers under changes in relative incomes for the 2000–2013 period and propounds media bias on the food crisis debate by using content analysis and the OLS regression model. 相似文献
12.
13.
Attaching consumers to a brand is a cornerstone of relationship marketing as attachment increases loyalty. This research investigates another possible benefit of attachment, its potential and limits for shielding brands from firms’ ethical missteps. Merging motivated reasoning and attachment theories, two studies focus on how brand attachment influences consumer judgments of firm ethics and the emotional and behavioral consequences developing from those. A field study indicates that attachment attenuates judgments of unethical behavior, contributes to emotional ambivalence, and affects purchase intentions. A subsequent experiment corroborates these findings and shows that the buffering role of attachment is limited to conditions when the information about firm ethics is moderately rather than extremely negative. Implications focus on advancing research on ethics and emotional ambivalence in consumer brand relationships and on managerial implications. 相似文献
14.
Robin Pope Reinhard Selten Johannes Kaiser Sebastian Kube Jürgen von Hagen 《International Economics and Economic Policy》2012,9(1):13-51
Economists’ faith that variable exchange rates benevolently equilibrate has been empirically disconfirmed. That faith is here tackled at its theoretical core with an exchange rate model that although ultra abstract, includes the undeniable fundamentals of market power and differential goals of central bankers and large-scale private players. It permits a game theoretic analysis under the assumption that all agents maximize their payoffs. The paper then relaxes
the assumption of maximising agents, allowing for a more complex and thus realistic second version of the model that is interpretable
within SKAT, the Stages of Knowledge Ahead Theory of risk and uncertainty. In an experimental setting, this second version
of the model points to: a) the inability of agents in central banks, governments and the private real and financial sectors
to operate in maximising ways; b) destructive central bank conflict; and c) the widely discrepant outcomes arising from the
dynamics of individual personality differences. The paper’s theoretical and empirical findings thus both point to the merits
of a single world currency. 相似文献
15.
Despite the passage of several decades since the revolution of 1989, there is little professional literature designed to prepare foreign investors for the Romanian business culture. Visitors to this nation discover a friendly people who engage in business practices often characterized as perplexing, frustrating, and imbued with self-defeating actions. The communist period in Romania's history imbedded unethical behavior into the nation's culture, including the morally ambiguous practice of favor trading. This paper describes this central business activity and how it shapes business dealings and often undermines opportunities. The cultural context that created the favor trading environment is discussed, and methods for managing this perplexing practice are explained. 相似文献
16.
Sebastian Just 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2011,39(2):194-220
This paper explores the economic implications of different contract durations in markets for on-line (primary and secondary)
reserve capacity in Germany with the crucial feature of separate markets for spot energy and reserve capacity provision. The
analysis is based on an equilibrium model developed by Just and Weber (Energy Econo 30:3198–3221, 2008) for reserve markets. It reveals the implicit trade-off for the bidders and implicit interdependencies between the reserve
and the spot markets. Even if the markets are not explicitly coordinated, they are interrelated through the dispatch decisions
of the power plant owners. The paper concludes that the current German reserve market design is inefficient and should be
improved. The results clearly show that shorter periods (with resulting lower variations in overall electricity demand) lead
to more efficient dispatch and market results. Not only prices in the reserve capacity markets are expected to be lower, but
also spot market prices. As these benefits can be partially reaped by owners of large generation portfolios also under longer
contract durations, it discriminates against smaller generation companies and can potentially deter market participation.
Further, the paper takes a broader perspective and discusses security concerns against shorter contract durations. It is shown
that the opportunity costs character of the reserve market implies sufficient incentives for supplying online reserve capacity.
The concerns do not appear to be predominant and it should be possible to manage them appropriately. 相似文献
17.
Namibia has a long history of providing a universal and non-contributory old age pension, child grants using means testing and quasi-conditionalities, and other cash transfers. Multivariate analysis presented in this paper confirms that these transfers play an important role in alleviating poverty, especially for the very poor. The poverty-reducing effects of the child grants are likely to increase further as access is being rapidly expanded. However, the impact in terms of reducing Namibia's extremely high inequality is limited. The targeting of the cash transfers towards the poorest groups takes place through two main channels. For the child grant, targeting occurs as a result of the orphan status eligibility criteria, as orphans are over-represented in lower-income households. For the universal social pension, it appears that some of the relatively less poor do not receive it even if they are eligible. Means testing of child grants appears ineffective, even without considering administrative costs. 相似文献
18.
Advertising clutter and declining audience attention means advertisers need pretesting to ensure the effectiveness of their advertisements. This study uses, for the first time, a variable‐resolution display to measure viewers’ visual attention to advertising. The display features only the part of an ad that corresponds with the observer's eye gaze with high acuity, whereas the resolution of the other parts reflects the decline in spatial resolution of the human visual system. Participants keep the highest resolution area aligned with their foveal vision using manual cursor movements. In accordance with neuroscientific theory, recorded cursor movements parallel the eye gaze patterns observed in a control group. However, unlike tracking eye movements, the instrument offers a simple, unobtrusive, low‐cost, and time‐efficient way to measure the effectiveness of visual advertising. The results encourage the use of goal‐directed manual pointing movements to indicate attentional signals generated in the brain. 相似文献
19.
Sebastian Heselhaus 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2010,33(1):91-108
This article focuses on the risks of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, and the challenges they pose to European consumer
law. These risks are exemplary for the sociological phenomenon of modern risk society, living under the condition of uncertainty
with regard to the likelihood and the extent of possible negative effects. Generally, in law important functions in risk societies
are fulfilled by the precautionary principle. It serves both, as a justification for state measures vis-à-vis other legal
interests, especially economic human rights, and as a request for state action in response to possible risks. This paper will
argue that the precautionary principle applies at least to health protection as a core part of consumer protection and basically
EU law is well equipped to deal with uncertainties. This is established in case law and practice. However, although there
is pressure to apply the precautionary principle to nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, the European Commission has adopted
a rather modest approach. That has been criticized especially by the European Parliament. For dealing with the gap in basic
research and methodology, this article suggests a burden sharing in financing taking into account both, the precautionary
principle and the principle of proportionality. 相似文献
20.
Mark E. Mendenhall B. Sebastian Reiche Allan Bird Joyce S. Osland 《Journal of World Business》2012,47(4):493-503
While scholars have begun to develop the conceptual foundations of global leadership, few attempts have been made to unify the plethora of existing definitions. We argue that the lack of a precise, rigorous and commonly accepted definition of global leadership limits the field's conceptual and empirical progress. Building on recommended practice for construct definitions, we first review and critique existing definitions of global leadership. Second, we specifically focus on explicating the global construct encompassed by the global leadership phenomenon and propose three dimensions along which this sub-construct can be analyzed: complexity, flow, and presence. Finally, we offer a revised construct definition and conclude with implications for research and practice. 相似文献