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81.
82.
Controlled laboratory conditions using monetary incentives have been utilized in previous studies that examine individual discount rates, and researchers have found several apparently robust anomalies. We conjecture that subject behavior in these experiments may be affected by (uncontrolled) factors other than discount rates. We address some experimental design issues and report a new series of experiments designed to elicit individual discount rates. Our primary treatments include: (i) informing subjects of the annual and effective interest rates associated with alternative payment streams, and (ii) informing subjects of current market interest rates. We also test for the effect of real (vs. hypothetical) payments and for the effect of delaying both payment options (vs. offering an immediate payment option). The statistical analysis uses censored data techniques to account for the interactions between field and lab incentives. Each of the information treatments appears to reduce revealed discount rates. When both types of information are provided, annual rates in the interval of 15%–17.5% are revealed, whereas rates of 20%–25% are revealed in the control session. Each of the treatments also lowers the residual variance of subject responses. 相似文献
83.
Most analyses of the relationship between job segregation and gender wage inequality do not examine the race-specific dimensions
of occupational segregation. Using personnel data, we examine the impact of race-gender occupational segregation on occupational
grading and wage setting within a service and maintenance union. Our empirical results show that the job grading and wage
setting processes significantly favor white men’s jobs and penalize black women’s jobs. 相似文献
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85.
This article investigates the effects of negotiated and unilaterally imposed change on employee relations in the German subsidiaries of a Finnish and a German multi‐national company (MNC). We look at how the strategies affect the sustainability of the current German model of employee relations and highlight some of the disadvantages of this model for global MNCs. 相似文献
86.
Flora L. Williams 《心理学和销售学》1993,10(2):111-130
Economic functions found in any economic system can be observed in the family as a production and consumption unit of analysis. The development of a resource base and the decisions in performing each function are each influenced by the larger economy and influence the larger economy. Decisions about the use of the resource base determine the ultimate outcomes of satisfaction with goods and services and quality of life. These relationships, as hypothesized in a conceptual flow model presented in this article, can direct the selection of variables in empirical research. Results of several research projects that included selected components of the economic functions document the validity of the family economy model and contribute to theory development of the sources and role of consumption. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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89.
G. D. V. Williams 《Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie》1969,17(1):99-109
Estimates of Canadian prairie wheat production during the 1952 and 1967 period using regression equations based on precipitation, and on both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PE), were analysed. Inclusion of PE is the equations considerably improved the results. The estimation procedures outlined can be used to make pre-harvest assessments of the weather contribution to wheat production, and to evaluate the effects in past years of non-weather factors such as rust epidemics. The weather variations themselves can also be evaluated. For example, it is estimated that two thirds of the billion dollar difference between the 1961 and 1966 wheat crops was due to weather differences.
LES CONDITIONS CLIMATIQUES ET LE RENDEMENT DU BLÉ — Obtenues à l'aide d'équations de régression basées soit sur les précipitations et l'évapotranspiration potentielle (EPT), soit sur les précipitations seulement, des estimations de rendement du blé sur les prairies Canadiennes pour la période de 1952 à 1967 ont été analysées. L'introduction du facteur ETP dans les équations améliora les résultats considérablement. Ces méthodes d'évaluation peuvent être utilisées pour determiner à l'avance la contribution des conditions climatiques à la récolte de l'année courante. Elles peuvent servir aussi à évaluer les effets de facteurs autres que le climat, comme les épidémies de rouille, sur les rendements des années passées. On peut également évaluer les variations climatiques elles-mêmes. Par exemple, on a estimé que les deux tiers du milliard de dollars entre les valeurs des récoltes de 1961 et 1966 étaient attribuables aux différences climatiques. 相似文献
LES CONDITIONS CLIMATIQUES ET LE RENDEMENT DU BLÉ — Obtenues à l'aide d'équations de régression basées soit sur les précipitations et l'évapotranspiration potentielle (EPT), soit sur les précipitations seulement, des estimations de rendement du blé sur les prairies Canadiennes pour la période de 1952 à 1967 ont été analysées. L'introduction du facteur ETP dans les équations améliora les résultats considérablement. Ces méthodes d'évaluation peuvent être utilisées pour determiner à l'avance la contribution des conditions climatiques à la récolte de l'année courante. Elles peuvent servir aussi à évaluer les effets de facteurs autres que le climat, comme les épidémies de rouille, sur les rendements des années passées. On peut également évaluer les variations climatiques elles-mêmes. Par exemple, on a estimé que les deux tiers du milliard de dollars entre les valeurs des récoltes de 1961 et 1966 étaient attribuables aux différences climatiques. 相似文献
90.
In this study, we develop a conceptual bioeconomic model of floriculture production with aesthetic benefits, wherein optimal decision rules depend on an intertemporal economic objective to maximize profits subject to economic and biological processes. Necessary conditions of the model identify optimal trajectories (e.g., simultaneous, single, or cycling controls) that define decision rules and economic thresholds for profit maximizing growers producing crops with aesthetic attributes. The necessary conditions also highlight intertemporal trade‐offs between aesthetic benefits and expected future net benefits of arthropod stocks, which have important policy implications. The model is applied to the greenhouse production system of ivy geranium. 相似文献