Competitive Pressure on the Indian Households: A General Equilibrium Approach

How would competitive pressure impact upon the income distribution and the poverty of household groups? We analyse the gains in efficiency and productivity due to competitive pressure, and its distributional effects using a general equilibrium input–output framework. Efficient utilization of the available resources, technical progress and free trade constitute our sources of growth. Welfare would increase under competition, but the income distribution would become more skewed. Rural household groups would stand to lose relative to the urban ones. Urban poverty would be reduced significantly more than rural. In fact, the agricultural worker would even suffer from an increase in poverty. The study shows that competitive pressure has a positive effect on efficiency, productivity and poverty, but an adverse effect on the income distribution in the Indian economy.     

Sensitivity Analysis of Continuous Incomplete Longitudinal Outcomes

Even though models for incomplete longitudinal data are in common use, they are surrounded with problems, largely due to the untestable nature of the assumptions one has to make regarding the missingness mechanism. Two extreme views on how to deal with this problem are (1) to avoid incomplete data altogether and (2) to construct ever more complicated joint models for the measurement and missingness processes. In this paper, it is argued that a more versatile approach is to embed the treatment of incomplete data within a sensitivity analysis. Several such sensitivity analysis routes are presented and applied to a case study, the milk protein trial analyzed before by Diggle and Kenward (1994) . Apart from the use of local influence methods, some emphasis is put on pattern-mixture modeling. In the latter case, it is shown how multiple-imputation ideas can be used to define a practically feasible modeling strategy.     

COMPLEMENTARITY IN INPUT–OUTPUT ANALYSIS AND STOCHASTICS

The complementarity between the quantity and value systems of input–output analysis is shown to be the basis of the complementarity problem approach to computable general equilibrium. The numerical superiority of the latter to the linear programming approach facilitates stochastic analysis of input–output scenarios. For the example where Kyoto targets are underachieved to uncertain degrees, confidence intervals are derived for the associated consumption reductions.     

The Extraction of Technical Coefficients from Input and Output Data

Presumably, input-output coefficients reflect technology, and these coefficients measure the input requirements per unit of product. This concept has been extended to consumption theory, where it models expenditure shares. Input-output coefficients are extracted from the national accounts of an economy, by taking average proportions between inputs and outputs. Since the latter represent all sorts of inefficiencies, this practice blurs the measurement of technology. Input requirements are better measured by minimal proportions between inputs and outputs. This approach separates the measurement of technology from that of productive efficiency.     

EQUILIBRIUM AND THE CORE IN ALONSO'S DISCRETE POPULATION MODEL OF LAND USE*

Conventional wisdom tells us that with no market failure and local nonsatiation of preferences, the core is at least as large as the collection of competitive equilibrium allocations. We confirm this for a standard model featuring private ownership of land. Next we consider the public land ownership version of the model. If the role of land ownership and rent distribution is assumed by a government that ploughs back rent (at least in excess of its agricultural value) to its citizens, the equilibrium allocation remains efficient, but no longer need be in the core.     

卫星电视接收技术的现状及其发展趋势

本文综述了卫星电视接收技术的国内外现状,简要地概括了它的十个发展方向,其发展的最终目标是要进入家庭.在技术开发和市场开拓上都是具有光明前途的.     

宅基地使用权流转制约性因素探析

宅基地使用权是与农民生息相关的土地权利。现阶段，宅基地使用权是限制流转的。文章对哪些因素的存在制约了宅基地使用权的流转这一问题进行了探讨。     

Bias and Sensitivity of Multipliers

Multipliers measure the derivatives of endogenous variables with respect to exogenous shocks and are functions of the structural parameters of an economic model. Substitution of the structural parameter estimates yields a so-called derived estimate for a multiplier or any reduced-form parameter. Derived estimates are biased. This paper presents first-order approximations to the biases and sensitivities of multipliers. The good performance of a flawed formula in input–output analysis is illuminated.     

Secondary products and the measurement of productivity growth

The paper considers alternative treatments of secondary products in input-output systems and analyzes their implications for the measurement of productivity growth at both the sectoral and overall level. Two standard models of secondary products are used: (1) the commodity technology model and (2) the industry technology model. It is argued that the first model correctly relates sectoral and overall levels of productivity growth; the second model, though more conventional, aggregates sectoral levels to a biased estimate of overall productivity growth. Estimates of the two measures are provided using U.S. 85-sector input-output data for 1967, 1972, and 1977. The empirical results indicate that the alternative assumptions do not lead to significantly different estimates of commodity-level and industry-level productivity growth over this period for the full economy but do for several sectors. Moreover, changes in secondary production did not contribute significantly to the decline in productivity growth over this period but secondary production was found to have a much lower rate of productivity growth than primary production.