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991.
Using a general equilibrium endogenous growth model we explain underperformance in the small and medium enterprise sector as an effect of corruption and non-competitive banking. Limited competition in the banking sector causes a high loan-deposit spread, worsens the initial effect of corruption, and depresses growth. Fostering bank competition, for instance, by allowing foreign bank entry, would be a simple solution to this problem, but frequently, authorities choose to hamper bank competition. Therefore, we explain the persistence of non-competitive banking as a result of governments’ regulatory choice. If the government has a stake in the banking sector there exists a trade-off between current benefits from bank profits and future growth. Firm-level corruption affects intertemporal optimization and distorts the government’s choice towards more restrictive regulation, i.e., less bank competition, even if the deciding institution itself is not corrupt. These results show that the two prominent problems for small and medium enterprises, corruption and finance, are mutually reinforcing. 相似文献
992.
In this article, we propose a model selection approach for testing structural breaks in a semiparametric panel varying coefficient
model. Monte Carlo evidence shows that the proposed model selection approach performs well in finite sample settings. Applying
the method to an empirical data, we find evidence of structural breaks in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) health expenditure data by allowing for income elasticity to be state (income)-dependent. The relationship between
health expenditure and income is subject to two types of structural changes: smooth changes over income and structural breaks
in the time dimension. The findings hold for both foreign exchange rate-converted and Purchasing Power Parity-converted expenditure
and GDP. 相似文献
993.
The time-varying natural rate of interest and output and the implied medium-term inflation target for the US economy are estimated
over the period 1983–2005. The estimation is conducted within the New Keynesian framework using Bayesian and Kalman-filter
estimation techniques. With the model-consistent estimate of the output gap, we get a small weight on the backward-looking
component of the New Keynesian Phillips curve—similar to what is obtained in studies which use labor share of income as a
driver for inflation (e.g., Galí, Eur Econ Rev 45(7):1237–1270, 2001; Eur Econ Rev 47(4):759–760, 2003). The turning points
of the business cycle are nevertheless broadly consistent with those of CBO/NBER. We find considerable variation in the natural
rate of interest while the inflation target has been close to 2% over the last decade. 相似文献
994.
Andreas Steiner 《Empirical Economics》2011,40(1):165-176
This article investigates empirically the determinants of central banks’ reserve holdings for a large panel data set of developing
and transition countries covering the period from 1975 to 2003. It estimates both a static and a dynamic relationship and
applies estimators for homogeneous and heterogeneous panel data. Thereby, it examines the extent to which conclusions of panel
data studies on the determinants of international reserve holdings are robust to the inclusion of dynamics as well as to the
consideration of heterogeneity across countries. The results show that the neglect of dynamics and heterogeneity in country
behaviour may lead to misleading inferences. Independently of the chosen estimation method, the findings suggest that trade
openness and external debt are robust determinants of the level of reserves. Central banks take precautionary measures against
the downside of the increasing international economic integration. 相似文献
995.
This study investigates the increase in the labour force participation rate of women. We estimate a binary age–period–cohort
model for a sample of Dutch women born between 1925 and 1986. The results indicate that the increasing level of education
and the diminishing negative effect of children have played an important role. Moreover, we find important unobserved cohort
effects for pre-1955 generations, which is in line with results of studies on social norms. It is shown that the growth in
female participation is likely to slow down in the near future, as such cohort effects are not relevant for younger generations. 相似文献
996.
This article examines cost economies, productivity growth and cost efficiency of the Chinese banks using a unique panel dataset
that identifies banks’ four outputs and four input prices over the period of 1995–2001. By assessing the appropriateness of
model specification, and making use of alternative methodologies in evaluating the performance of banks, we find that the
joint-stock commercial banks outperform state-owned commercial banks in productivity growth and cost efficiency. Under the
variable cost assumption, Chinese banks display economies of scale, with state-owned commercial banks enjoying cost advantages
over the joint-stock commercial banks. Consequently, our results highlight the ownership advantage of these two types of banks
and generally support the ongoing banking reform and transformation that is currently taking place in China. 相似文献
997.
In spite of major advances in the theoretical, positive and normative, literature analysing the welfare implications of public
provision of private goods, empirical investigation is often limited to contingent valuation studies, for example, of health
care programmes. In this article we argue that when a market for a (subsidised or free of charge) publicly provided good exists,
a consumer demand approach can be used to construct a money metric of welfare corresponding to the consumption of public provision.
We illustrate this approach in investigating age and income effects on household demand for health care in Cyprus, where free
public provision is not universal and those entitled to it often resort to private supplementation. Our findings suggest that
the money metric of welfare, which consumers attach to free access to publicly provided health care, varies with age and to
a lesser extent with household income. 相似文献
998.
This study presents the nonlinear relationship that exists between financial development and economic growth. This study applies
the flexible nonlinear regression model of Hamilton (Econometrica 69(3):537–573, 2001) because it imposes no specification
restrictions. Two empirical results are obtained. First, an inverted U-shaped relation between banking sector development
and economic growth is identified. Namely, the two variables are positively linked before the turning point, but negatively
linked after it. Second, a positive relationship with asymmetric √-shape between stock market development and economic growth
is found. 相似文献
999.
Assessing fiscal sustainability subject to policy changes: a Markov switching cointegration approach
We propose a Markov switching cointegration approach to assess long run fiscal sustainability. This method allows us to simultaneously:
(1) test for cointegration in the presence of significant fiscal policy changes; (2) assess the type of fiscal regime that
a country experienced at a given period and (3) analyse the timing of the transition between the estimated regime types. Given
its flexibility, our approach enable us to uncover a richer and more complex dynamics in the analysis of fiscal sustainability,
which standard linear cointegration methods fail to capture. 相似文献
1000.
One of the main goals of the European Union, laid down, inter alia, in the Lisbon Strategy and in the “Europe 2020” Strategy, is to raise employment. One important means of supporting the
creation of new jobs is to increase competition. In this paper, it is shown that on average the mark-up, i.e. the deviation
of prices from marginal cost in the euro area still exceeds the levels observed in the UK and in the US. After completion
of the Single Market Programme in 1993, the mark-up has declined in the euro area and even more in the UK. Nevertheless, there
is a strong cross-country variation between Member States, with a particularly high mark-up ratio found for Italy. Panel estimations
show that total factor productivity growth, labour productivity growth and the labour market performance in the euro area
could be improved by reducing the mark-up. This could be achieved by a proper institutional design. More competition could
indeed improve the macroeconomic performance. 相似文献