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71.
The role of uncertainty within an organization’s environment features prominently in the business ethics and management literature,
but how corporate investment decisions should proceed in the face of uncertainties relating to the natural environment is
less discussed. From the perspective of ecological economics, the salience of ecology-induced issues challenges management
to address new types of uncertainties. These pertain to constraints within the natural environment as well as to institutional
action aimed at conserving the natural environment. We derive six areas of ecology-induced uncertainties and propose ecology-driven
real options as a conceptual approach for systematically incorporating these uncertainties into strategic management. We combine
our results in an integrative investment framework and illustrate its application with the case of carbon constraints. 相似文献
72.
73.
74.
Using a nested multinomial logit model, this study investigates the demand “reduction” and “diversion” effects of user fees in rural areas of Ethiopia. The results reveal that an increase in user fees of public clinics, which are the most widely used alternative, can have a significant demand reduction effect on the poorest of the poor. This implies that despite cost recovery has been advocated as an alternative means of health care financing in most of the developing world, increasing user fees may drive the poorest segment of the population out of the health care market unless some protective measures are taken. 相似文献
75.
S. von Cramon-Taubadel 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》1990,41(3):346-361
It is hypothesised that the mechanics of the agri-monetary system impose shocks on EC agricultural markets which influence the Community's agricultural trade flows. A model illustrating links between agri-monetary changes and trade flows of sugar is presented. Empirical tests suggest that agri-monetary changes influence the volume and timing of sugar trade. Hypotheses relating the strength of this influence to self-sufficiency and other factors specific to Member States are discussed, as are the welfare costs of agri-monetary trade distortions. Although these welfare costs are unlikely to spark agrimonetary reform, they could be given consideration in the reform made inevitable by the Single European Market. 相似文献
76.
von Hagen Jürgen Hughes Hallett Andrew Strauch Rolf 《Journal of the Japanese and International Economies》2002,16(4):512
In this article we study the importance of the quality of fiscal adjustments and macroeconomic conditions for the persistence of budgetary consolidations. In contrast to previous work in this area, we do not arbitrarily predefine a measure of persistence to evaluate consolidation “success.” By employing duration analysis techniques, the length of a consolidation spell is rather determined endogenously. Our results based on a sample of industrialised OECD countries show that “consolidation fatigue” and the quality of fiscal consolidations are indeed important determinants of their longevity. Moreover, high debt–GDP ratio and fiscal tightening in other OECD countries raise the likelihood of consolidations to persist. Applying our results to European countries in the 1990s provides only weak evidence suggesting that the Maastricht process contributed much to the fiscal consolidations observed in Europe during the 1990s. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 2002, 16(4), pp. 512–535. ZEI, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; and CEPR; Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland; and CEPR; and ECB, Kaiserstrasse 29, D-60311 Frankfurt a.M., Germany; and ZEI. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E61, E62, E65. 相似文献
77.
Using firm-level Japanese FDI data on investment into 18 European countries between 1970–2000 in all industries (banking,
manufacturing, wholesale/retail distribution, and business services), this study examines if the “follow the customer” (FTC)
hypothesis holds for firm-level data. The results suggest that banks do follow their customers into a foreign market, as part
of a larger strategy that goes beyond the FTC theory. The firm level data show that the majority of FDI into a host country
occurs after the foreign bank has established operations. Policy implications of this finding include the suggestion that
host economies liberalize their financial sector early in an effort to attract banking FDI which then will attract non-banking
FDI rather than the reverse. 相似文献
78.
Nils-Henrik M. von der Fehr & Lise Sandsbråten 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》1997,99(2):281-297
In light of the ongoing liberalization of electricity trade in the Nordic countries, and perhaps in Northern Europe, we argue that gains from electricity trade may be different from those traditionally associated with comparative advantages and economies of scale. In particular, we consider gains arising from the exploitation of technological complementarities between hydro and thermal systems. Our theoretical framework highlights essential features of the two systems and allows for an analysis of effects of trade. We study three trading regimes, which may arise either endogenously or because of trade regulations: day–night power exchange, seasonal energy banking and unbalanced trade. The analysis suggests that gradual trade liberalization may be costly. 相似文献
79.
The paper assesses the merit of the view according to which the Bundesbank dominates monetary policy-making in the European Monetary System. Our tests give a strong rejection of German dominance and suggest, instead, that monetary policymaking in the EMS is interactive. There is evidence that the Bundesbank pursues her own policy goals in the longer run. But German independence does not imply German dominance. 相似文献
80.
Dienstleistungen werden h?ufig in und für Gruppen erbracht. Insbesondere Kunden von Erlebnisdienstleistungen sind auch vor
oder nach dem Konsum eine relativ enge und oft homogene Interaktionsgemeinschaft bzw. Community. Communities bieten je nach
Dienstleistungs- und Kundenart eine wichtige Quelle von Wertsch?pfung im Sinne eines wahrgenommenen Wertes für den Kunden.
Durch Kooperation von Kunden untereinander und mit dem Dienstleistungsunternehmen generieren sie nachfrageseitige Netzeffekte.
Dieser Beitrag untersucht auf der Basis einer empirischen Analyse wie, d. h. über welche Mechanismen und Funktionen, Communities
Wert für den Kunden generieren k?nnen. Es zeigt sich unter anderem, dass Koh?renz, Sozialit?t und Koh?sion positiv auf die
Entstehung von wahrgenommenem Kundenwert von Communities wirken. 相似文献