Accounting for optimism and pessimism in expected utility

We provide a preference foundation for decision under risk resulting in a model where probability weighting is linear as long as the corresponding probabilities are not extreme (i.e., 0 or 1). This way, most of the elegance and mathematical tractability of expected utility is maintained and also much of its normative foundation. Yet, the new model can accommodate the extreme sensitivity towards changes from 0 to almost impossible and from almost certain to 1 that has widely been documented in the experimental literature. The model can be viewed as “expected utility with the best and worst in mind” as suggested by Chateauneuf, Eichberger and Grant (Chateauneuf, Alain, Eichberger, Jürgen, Grant, Simon, 2007. Choice under uncertainty with the best and worst in mind: NEO-Additive capacities. Journal of Economic Theory 137, 538–567) or, following our preference foundation, interpreted as “expected utility with consistent optimism and pessimism”.     

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Foreign debt and capital accumulation

Zusammenfassung Devisenschuld und Kapitalakkumulation. — Eine offene Volkswirtschaft kann Kredit aufnehmen, um Kapital zu akkumulieren. In dem Beitrag wird der Fall der Auslandsverschuldung mit einem Szenario verglichen, in dem ein Land seinen Kapitalstock durch Konsumverzicht aufbaut. Die Inzidenz der Verschuldung auf das Zeitprofil des Konsums und der Verschuldung wird analysiert. Das Modell spezifiziert auch das Zeitprofil der Handelsbilanz. Die intertemporalen Opportunit?tskosten der Kreditaufnahme werden er?rtert, und es werden Bedingungen abgeleitet, unter denen sich die Verschuldung für Kapitalbildung und Konsum oder nur für die Kapitalbildung lohnt. Im Paradigma des Modells werden Konstellationen diskutiert, unter denen es für das verschuldete Land schwieriger wird, Zinsen und Tilgung zu zahlen.

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Résumé Dette étrangère et accumulation de capital. — Une économie ouverte peut emprunter á l’étranger pour accumuler du capital. L’auteur compare le cas d’un emprunt étranger avec un scénario dans lequel un pays accumule du capital en remettant la consommation locale. Il analyse l’effet de l’emprunt sur le profil de temps de la consommation et de la dette. Le modèle spécifie aussi le profil de temps de la balance commerciale. Les co?ts d’opportunité d’emprunter sont analysés et les conditions sont spécifiées sous lesquelles il est profitable d’emprunter pour l’accumulation de capital et/oú pour la consommation. Dans le contexte du modèle l’auteur discute quelques phénomènes qui le rendent plus difficile au pays débiteur de payer les intérêts et de rembourser les dettes et même de rompre le contrat de crédit.

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Resumen Deuda externa y acumulación de capital. — En una economía abierta un país puede endeudarse a los efectos de acumular capital. En este trabajo se compara el endeudamiento externo con una situación en la cual un país acumula capital internamente posponiendo el consumo. Se analiza el impacto del endeudamiento sobre el perfil temporal del consumo y de la deuda. El modelo también especifica el perfil temporal del saldo comercial. Se estudian los costos de oportunidad del endeudamiento y se derivan las condiciones bajo las cuales resulta beneficioso endeudarse para acumular capital y/o para consumir. En el contexto del modelo se discuten algunos fenómenos que podrían dificultar al país deudor el pago del servicio de la deuda y de la deuda misma, y que podrían inducir a cuestionar el contrato de crédito.

     

Import-Price Uncertainty, Production Decisions, and Relative Factor Shares

The effects of import-price uncertainty on factor income in Switzerland are estimated. The production-theory approach is used to derive the import demand function from an expected utility maximization problem, treating imports as an input to the technology. The model is also used to test for risk aversion and to assess the impact of uncertainty on the volume of imports and gross output. Evidence is found that, for most years, labor has been relatively more vulnerable to uncertainty than has capital.     

Neither bad apple nor bad barrel: how the societal context impacts unethical behavior in organizations

Every time another corporate scandal captures media headlines, the ‘bad apple vs. bad barrel’ discussion starts anew. Yet this debate overlooks the influence of the broader societal context on organizational behavior. In this article, we argue that misbehaviors of organizations (the ‘barrels’) and their members (the ‘apples’) cannot be addressed properly without a clear understanding of their broader context (the ‘larder’). Whereas previously, a strong societal framework dampened the practical application of the Homo economicus concept (business actors as perfectly rational and egocentric utility‐maximizing agents without any moral concern), specialization, individualization and globalization led to a business world disembedded from broader societal norms. This emancipated business world promotes a literal interpretation of Homo economicus among business organizations and their members. Consequently, we argue that the first step toward ‘healthier’ apples and barrels is to sanitize the larder, that is, adapt the framework in which organizations and their members evolve.     

Fund Liquidation, Self-selection, and Look-ahead Bias in the Hedge Fund Industry

A wide range of empirical biases hampers hedge fund databases.In this paper we focus upon survival-related biases and disentanglelook-ahead biases due to self-selection of funds and due tofund termination. Self-selection arises because funds voluntarilyreport their information to data vendors and may decide to stopdoing so. By extending existing methodology, we analyze persistencein hedge fund performance over the period 1994–2000, takinginto account the above biases. The results show that look-aheadbiases due to liquidation and self-selection enforce each otherand may lead to overestimating expected returns by as much as8% per year. Overall, the results are consistent with positivepersistence in hedge fund returns at horizons of two and fourquarters.