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81.
82.
Søren Harck 《Journal of Economics》1981,41(1-2):1-26
Summary In order to avoid missing the wood for trees a brief summary of the results having been obtained above appears to be appropriate.Firstly, we regard it as a result in itself of the present paper to have presented a two-sector model encapsulating a Kaleckian (and Kaldorian) vision of a capitalist economy, a model in which supply conditions of primary products take up a prominent position.Secondly, it belongs to the main results of the paper that it has laid bare, through the model presented, an astoundingly simple pattern in the way economic key-concepts such as activity, employment and distributive shares are affected by on one hand the demand side (which has so far captured an excessive amount of attention in macroeconomic modelling) and on the other hand the largely neglected supply side of the economy.Thirdly, by means of an arbitrary but not implausible numerical example we have attempted to indicate how changes in activity and distributive shares caused by exogeneous changes on the demand and supply side of the economy, respectively, are in themselves crucially dependent on (the assumptions concerning) the supply elasticity of primary products.The notation applied will be as follows C
consumption
-
C
0
autonomous element of the consumption function
-
I
investment (gross)
-
A
autonomous expenditure
-
S
savings (gross)
-
U
stock of the primary product
-
Q
real output (not necessarily real income) (gross)
-
Y
income (gross)
-
W
wage bill
-
L
employment
-
w
money wage rate
-
p
price level
-
mark-up factor
-
level parameter of the production function pertaining to the primary sector
-
a
labour-input coefficient of the industrial sector
-
b
raw-material input coefficient of the industrial sector
-
s
w
marginal propensity to save out of wages
-
s
marginal propensity to save out of profits
-
s
(weighted) average ofS
w
ands
-
(unit) raw material costs as a proportion of total (unit) prime costs
-
share of wages in total income
-
E
y, x
partial or total elasticity ofY with respect toX.
I am most grateful to Søren Gammelgård, Peter Guldager, Erik Strøjer Madsen, Jørgen Ulff-Møller Nielsen, Kurt Pedersen and an anonymous referee for their valuable suggestions and helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. 相似文献
83.
Vidar Christiansen 《Journal of public economics》1980,13(3):389-393
A simple theoretical model of tax evasion behaviour is used to analyse whether a large fine (with small probability of detection) is a more powerful deterrent to tax evasion than a high probability of detection (with a small penalty). The effect of a higher tax rate on the amount of tax escaping the tax collector is also examined. 相似文献
84.
AV Kudryavtsev O Nilssen Y Sumarokov B Ytterstad 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2012,19(3):290-296
The Global Burden of Disease Studies describe and emphasise injury as a major and increasing component in the panorama of global ill health. Russia has the one of the highest injury rates in Europe. When a Master in Public Health programme was planned and started in 2007 in Arkhangelsk, Russia, under the auspices of University of Troms?, Norway, a course on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion was included. A take-over programme (training-the-trainers) was implemented within the course. The present paper describes the course content, the students and their background, the training-the-trainers programme, the evaluation procedure and its results. So far, 53 students have passed the course, 77% being female. The majority of students were medical doctors (51%), psychologists (11%), pedagogues (9%), dentists (6%) and nurses (6%). The take-over programme has functioned well by gradually using students of excellence as teachers. In 2012, the take-over programme is completed and only Russians teach. Evaluation by students of the course content, organisation and pedagogic approach was useful for improvements. 相似文献
85.
Many trading companies have taken a global approach to their supply markets, sourcing from low-cost foreign countries in order to achieve cost reductions. There remains, however, a lack of evidence that sourcing internationally actually leads to improved economic performance. This can be explained by two key challenges in terms of how to achieve a balance between: (1) purchasing and logistics costs, and (2) customer service. The purpose of this paper is to examine the organisation and management of international supply from a total cost perspective, taking into account both purchasing and logistics costs, as well as customer service and agility. Previous research into a number of Norwegian companies that have sourced from China has identified four configurations for managing international supply. This paper utilises the supply management literature and an example of a Norwegian retail and wholesale company to analyse and discuss these configurations and their effects on total costs and customer service. The paper's theoretical contribution is the conceptualisation of a total cost perspective on international supply management and the discussion of such costs in relation to customer service. This contribution may, in turn, aid companies that source from foreign, low-cost countries. 相似文献
86.
Lars Sørgard 《International Journal of the Economics of Business》2014,21(1):37-42
Since at least the early 1990s, researchers have criticized the antitrust authorities’ method for assessing the possible anticompetitive effects of mergers. Despite this, only recently, a method with a more sound economic foundation was included in the merger guidelines. We discuss how a sound economic foundation was developed and finally applied to merger control. 相似文献
87.
While organic food is based on well-defined production criteria, the criteria for ‘local’ food are less clear. This study investigates the preferences and trade-offs of distinct consumer segments relative to organic production and several dimensions of local food (sales channel, size of company, and geographical location of animals used in the production). The analysis is based on a quantitative survey of 505 Danish consumers and a choice experiment involving beef salami. Data were analyzed in a principal component and a latent class analysis. We identify five consumer segments whose preferences for organic and local product attributes differed substantially. Most respondents considered geographical proximity in the raising of cattle to be the most important attribute and a third of the consumers were willing to pay a premium for organic salami. The segmentation provides more detailed information about stated consumer behavior than what is typically elicited when considering only average consumer behavior. 相似文献
88.
Maria Åkesson Carsten Sørensen Carina Ihlström Eriksson 《Scandinavian Journal of Management》2018,34(3):276-288
The digitalization of the newspaper industry represents a significant challenge for incumbent companies to engage new technologies. Many companies in the industry have had to seek new markets through digital technologies to survive. This paper explores how one of the largest Swedish newspapers, Aftonbladet, has strategically embraced new media and new markets. We report a decade of engaged scholarship based on interviews and archival analysis that covers 20 years of strategic acts at the company. We consider this effort as a case of organizational ambidexterity under digitalization. The analysis seeks to extend theoretical understanding of the interrelationships between strategic intent and technological choice. The paper contributes to the understanding of ambidexterity under digitalization by theoretically framing it in terms of strategic acts. The research suggests that digitalization implies a more complex ambidexterity interrelationship between old and new markets and technologies. As digitalization enables the loosening of previously tight couplings, the clear theoretical distinction between old and new, and critically, the unproblematic transition, is brought into question. The paper suggests replacing the notion of an orderly shift from the old to the new with ambidexterity under digitalization as a duality of both old and new undergoing continual reconfiguration. 相似文献
89.
Andreas Maaløe Jespersen 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2018,41(1):21-32
It has long been argued that alternative dispute resolution is superior to traditional court litigation. The paper reviews traditional and behavioural arguments and findings for why litigation rates remain high. The paper then reports on a natural field experiment designed to test how to improve disputes between consumers and businesses in Denmark resolution by including social information into the dispute process. The experiment demonstrates that social information significantly affects litigants’ need for litigation, but that the effect on settlement rates is non-significant. The results are discussed along with suggestions for possible future research into improving the willingness to cooperate in consumer disputes. 相似文献
90.