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991.
This paper investigates causal relationships between planning and performance utilizing a longitudinal database with responses
from the same 2,956 businesses over a four-year period. Results confirm the association between planning activity and performance
that is evident in most extant literature. They also, however, cast doubt on the traditional perception of the causal sequence
of that association. Although subject to a number of limitations, the results indicate that planning is more likely to be
introduced into a small firm after a period of growth rather than before a period of growth. These results make an important
contribution to understanding the planning performance relationship for two main reasons: they overcome the static data and
relatively smaller sample size restrictions of many past studies; and, they provide evidence concerning the sequence of the
relationship between planning and performance. 相似文献
992.
Two approaches can be distinguished with respect to modelling entrepreneurship: (i) the approach focusing on the net development of the number of entrepreneurs in an equilibrium framework and (ii) the approach focusing on the entries and exits of entrepreneurs. In this paper we unify these approaches to arrive at a model explaining the equilibrium and actual number of entrepreneurs and the entry and exit rate of entrepreneurs simultaneously and consistently. We apply our unified approach to the Netherlands using self-employment data for the 1960–1999 period. We find error-correction of about 20% per year and a very different situation in terms of disequilibrium before and after the early 1980s. Periods of high unemployment appear to be characterized by both high entry and high exit rates. 相似文献
993.
Michael?Anyadike-Danes Mark?HartEmail author Maureen?O’Reilly 《Small Business Economics》2005,25(3):273-292
The paper investigates the relationships between registrations, de-registrations and population density at county level in
the UK using VAT data for 20 years over the period 1980–1999. The rationale for this is based on the need to understand how
the extent to which, in different parts of the UK, differences in the relationship between birth rates and death rates combine
to produce an interpretable pattern in net birth rates. The analysis of the net birth rate shows that a strategy aimed at
the net birth rate might, in principle, just as well aim at reducing business failure, rather than raising the birth rate.
Indeed this might be more efficient, since it implies that less start-ups are “wasted” as it would avoid the necessity, if targets are to be reached, of encouraging those individuals who are patently unsuited
to running their own business into business ownership. 相似文献
994.
Antonio?JiménezEmail author Alfonso?Mateos Sixto?Ríos-Insua 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2005,14(2):109-130
This paper describes a group decision support system based on an additive multi-attribute utility model for identifying a consensus strategy in group decision-making problems where several decision-makers or groups of decision-makers elicit their own preferences separately. On the one hand, the system provides procedures to quantify the DMs or group of DMs preferences separately. This involves assessing the DMs or group of DMs component utilities that represent their preferences regarding the respective possible attribute values and objective weights that represent the relative importance of the criteria. On the other hand, we propose Monte Carlo simulation techniques for identifying a consensus strategy. An iterative process will be carried out, where, after the simulations have been performed, the imprecise component utilities and weights corresponding to the different DMs or groups of DMs are tightened to output more meaningful information in the next simulations to achieve a consensus strategy. Finally, an application to the evaluation of remedial strategies for restoring contaminated aquatic ecosystems illustrates the usefulness and flexibility of this decision support tool. 相似文献
995.
In this paper, we use a gravity model to investigate the extent to which currency barriers explain the border effect puzzle,
i.e. the impact of national borders on international trade. We focus on the two monetary unions of the CFA Franc Zone in West
and Central Africa. We find that these countries display large border effects, and that currency barriers explain between
17 per cent and 28 per cent of the overall border effect.
JEL no. F11, F15, F33 相似文献
996.
Exchange Rate Disconnect in a Standard Open-Economy Macro Model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper demonstrates that the well-documented exchange rate disconnect can be explained within traditional exchange rate models. It is shown that even if the underlying fundamentals are invariant across exchange rate regimes, equilibrium real exchange rates are more volatile under flexible nominal exchange rates than under fixed rates. In particular, fixed rates reduce the requisite adjustments of the real exchange rate in response to both nominal and real shocks relative to a floating-rate scenario. 相似文献
997.
In this paper we propose a generalisation of the noise trader transmission mechanism to examine the impact of central bank intervention on exchange rates. Within a heterogeneous expectation exchange rate model intervention operations are supposed to provide support for chartist or fundamentalist forecasts, which forces portfolio managers to adjust their foreign currency positions. The empirical examination of the hypothesis is done by applying a Markov regime-switching approach to daily DEM/US-dollar exchange rates and intervention data of the Deutsche Bundesbank and the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1992. It is shown that chartists profits rose whenever these central banks intervened on the foreign exchange market. This is not true for those who follow a fundamentalist approach.JEL Classification Numbers: F31, C32, E58, G15 相似文献
998.
Employer Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships in the United States: Legal and Economic Implications
Lisa?J.?ReedEmail author Barry?A.?Friedman 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2005,17(4):245-260
Recognition of same-sex relationships is receiving increasing national attention in the United States. This paper discusses
the current availability of employee rights in the United States on the basis of marital status to same-sex couples, and both
the direct and indirect economic consequences to organizations of providing such rights. Despite legal recognition in some
states and by many employers in the private sector, the availability of marital rights in the workplace for same-sex couples
remains tenuous, at most. Although the direct economic consequences of same-sex relationships remain a matter of debate, the
indirect economic advantages are several, including being an employer of choice and having a favorable reputation in the consumer,
stockholder, and applicant marketplace. Employers should counterbalance indirect economic benefits with opposition to same-sex
relationships, including product boycotts. The issue cannot be ignored from a legal or economic perspective. 相似文献
999.
Economic Efficiency and Productivity Growth in the Post-Privatization Chilean Hydroelectric Industry
Scott?E.?AtkinsonEmail author Claudia?Elizabeth?Halabí 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》2005,23(2):245-273
Chiles hydroelectric industry was privatized in 1985, but required to operate within a regulatory framework designed to achieve a competitive outcome. A centralized dispatch center was established to ensure production at minimum cost, subject to constraints on minimum release and minimum reservoir stock. A reluctance to rapidly reduce the industry work force may also have existed. We develop a constrained cost-minimization model for thermal and hydro generation to obtain the shadow price of water and to determine the qualitative effect of these constraints on allocative efficiency. Using panel data from 1986–1997, we assess the economic efficiency of the hydro industry by estimating a stochastic distance frontier and price equations from the dual cost-minimization problem. We find dramatic increases in technical change and productivity change, with positive efficiency change for all years but the last. We also observe a dramatic decline in allocative inefficiencies over our sample period. The share of hydro generation from run-of-river and thermal plants relative to reservoir plants has increased, presumably in reaction to the water release and reservoir stock constraints, reducing the relative over-utilization of capital to water from the pre-1985 regime. Further, the over-utilization of labor to capital and water has fallen over time. However, considerable allocative inefficiencies remain, consistent with our finding of industry-wide scale economies. Substantial cost savings would result if technical and allocative efficiency were eliminated.JEL Classification: L94, D24 相似文献
1000.
Using the framework of the Wheeler and McClendon (1991) theory of employee support for unionization, the purpose of this article is to examine an unsuccessful unionization drive in a US medical electronics factory that the author took part in while working as a production worker during 1983 in order to gain insight into why unionization is so difficult to promote among production workers in high-tech industry. I argue that high-tech companies take advantage of the inherent fear in production employees to organize in order to defeat unionization campaigns. That is, they negatively affect employee support for unionization through the development of inhibiting conditions of the emotional path of the Wheeler–McClendon theory to prevent unionization. The use of this widespread strategy is crucial for understanding such low rates of unionization in this industry. 相似文献