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51.
Bernd Kupka André M. Everett Virginia Cathro 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2013,24(10):1765-1791
This article reports the results of a study of partners who accompany the expatriated representatives of multinational corporations (MNCs) on overseas missions and identifies that they are mostly home alone and often unprepared. Following a review of the literature on issues related to expatriated partners, in particular intercultural communication training (ICT), the article presents the findings of empirical research conducted in Germany on current ICT trends for expatriated partners. The study identifies the ICT methods German MNCs use to support these partners before and during international assignments. The authors surveyed 141 German expatriated partners who went on overseas missions to 36 countries. The results of this research project indicate that traditional ICT is only provided to the minority of partners in German MNCs, follows no predictable time pattern, and is mostly perceived as rather useless by participants. Particular attention is paid, however, to the target culture in the ICT design. Non-traditional ICT methods, such as Look-&-See Trips, are rather generously taken advantage of. 相似文献
52.
Up to the late 1970's the Sex College Attainment Ratio (SCAR), or ratio of college attainment between men and women, was about 1.6. Assortative mating within education groups in marriages is strong enough in the United States to prevent accounting for the SCAR feature based on males' higher earnings. We document the puzzling nature of the SCAR, and we explore various theories to account for it. Our main finding is that if parents' well-being is affected by the number of grandchildren, gender differences in the steepness of the negative relation between educational attainment and number of children provides the best theory to understand the SCAR. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J12, J16, I20. 相似文献
53.
The entertainment industry relies heavily on advertising to attract audiences. This article demonstrates a method to measure the effect of on-air television promotions, or promos, on viewing behaviour, based on a well-established single-source method for determining the causal impact of advertising on sales. We illustrate this method on 18 new prime-time programs, showing that promos have a positive impact on viewing behaviour. Exposed viewers are substantially more likely to view the premiere episode of a new series, across a wide range of different television-viewing weights, frequency of promo exposures and program types. The research also shows evidence of reach-based scheduling strategies being generally more efficacious than frequency-based strategies. These findings provide guidance to help networks implement their promo strategy more effectively, as well as a method for future research into the effectiveness of television promos as this approach can be utilized in any country with a television ratings panel. 相似文献
54.
It is unlikely that urban land markets are in equilibrium. If land markets are out of equilibrium, zones within an urban area would have residential location surpluses. This paper shows how to derive and estimate an index of income surplus by residential zone. The procedure is applied to the Baltimore Metropolitan Area for 1978. Households should be at attracted to zones with high surpluses. A comparison of the estimated location surpluses and growth rates for the Baltimore area show this correspondence. 相似文献
55.
Rodrigo Martín-Rojas Virginia Fernández-Pérez Encarnación García-Sánchez 《The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal》2017,13(2):397-426
Firms’ technological distinctive competencies (TDCs) help CEOs to confront their reality based on technological knowledge to achieve and exploit competitive advantage by encouraging the different dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship (innovation, new business venturing, proactiveness and self-renewal). The main purpose of this paper is thus to highlight how companies that strive to improve technological competencies within the firm achieve higher organizational performance through different components of corporate entrepreneurship and their interrelationships. This study seeks to fill this research gap by analyzing theoretically and empirically how TDCs enhance innovation, new business venturing and proactiveness and their interrelationships to achieve self-renewal and thus improve firms’ organizational performance. The methodology used is LISREL analysis. We test the model with data from 201 Spanish organizations. Our research contributes theoretical and empirical arguments on the value of TDCs to the organization, arguments that are especially important because organizations sometimes fail to achieve sustainable competitive advantage due to their limited understanding of the relationships between these strategic variables. 相似文献
56.
Summary. In their seminal paper on the principal-agent model with moral hazard, Grossman and Hart (1983) show that if the agent's
utility function is , then the loss to the principal from being unable to observe the agent's action is increasing in the agent's degree of absolute
risk aversion. Their proof is restricted to the case where the number of observable outcomes is equal to two, and it uses
an argument that is specific to that case. In this note, we provide an alternative proof that generalizes their result to
any (finite) number of outcomes.
Received: March 21, 2001; revised version: June 21, 2001 相似文献
57.
Virginia?BreenEmail author Ronald?Fetzer Linda?Howard Robert?Preziosi 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2005,17(4):215-229
Members of three established teams in different organizations participated in problem-solving sessions using a structured
consensus model. Participants perceived a significant increase in communication openness during these sessions as compared
to their previous problem-solving sessions. The increase in communication openness suggests an improved openness to the flow
of information among team members. The results of this study provide early indicators of successful applications for this
consensus model, including improving the participation of team members during strategic planning and enhancing the upward
flow of information to senior decision-makers for purposes of organizational change and development. 相似文献
58.
Edward W. Frees Yueh-Chuan Kung Marjorie A. Rosenberg Virginia R. Young Siu-Wai Lai 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(4):81-82
Abstract This study provides an economic analysis of life insurance company expenses and develops a methodology for the construction of benchmark expense factors. These benchmarks can facilitate the pricing of new business, cost control within companies, and expense comparisons among companies. We derive the expense factors by estimating a cost function wherein total general expenses are modeled as a function of input prices and physical outputs, and the physical outputs are proxies for the cost drivers of the different lines of business. This methodology has two important advantages: first, the derived expense factors are independent of the methods that insurers use in allocating total expenses across lines of business. Second, the estimated cost function explicitly accounts for different degrees of economies of scale and consequently in the present value of marginal expenses across insurers. Hence, this study demonstrates that economies of scale and, in turn, size must be considered when constructing an expense table. 相似文献
59.
In this article we characterize the evolution of inequality in hourly wages, hours of work, labor earnings, household disposable income and household consumption for Spain between 1985 and 2000. We look at both the Encuesta Continua de Presupuestos Familiares and the European Household Community Panel. Our analysis shows that inequality in individual net labor earnings and household net disposable income has decreased substantially. The decreases in the tertiary education premium and in the unemployment rate have been key ingredients to understand this falling trend. Public transfers have played a crucial role in smoothing out the inequality arising in the labor market, but instead the Spanish family does not seem to have been an important insurance mechanism. Regarding household consumption, inequality has fallen much less than inequality in household net disposable income, with the decrease mostly concentrated in the second half of the eighties. This suggests that the reduction in income inequality has affected the sources of permanent differences between households only during the second half of the eighties. Our estimates of the earnings process for the period are consistent with this view. 相似文献
60.