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951.
Namibia has a long history of providing a universal and non-contributory old age pension, child grants using means testing and quasi-conditionalities, and other cash transfers. Multivariate analysis presented in this paper confirms that these transfers play an important role in alleviating poverty, especially for the very poor. The poverty-reducing effects of the child grants are likely to increase further as access is being rapidly expanded. However, the impact in terms of reducing Namibia's extremely high inequality is limited. The targeting of the cash transfers towards the poorest groups takes place through two main channels. For the child grant, targeting occurs as a result of the orphan status eligibility criteria, as orphans are over-represented in lower-income households. For the universal social pension, it appears that some of the relatively less poor do not receive it even if they are eligible. Means testing of child grants appears ineffective, even without considering administrative costs. 相似文献
952.
Charles H. Cho Martin L. Martens Hakkyun Kim Michelle Rodrigue 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,104(4):571-587
Astroturf organizations are fake grassroots organizations usually sponsored by large corporations to support any arguments
or claims in their favor, or to challenge and deny those against them. They constitute the corporate version of grassroots
social movements. Serious ethical and societal concerns underline this astroturfing practice, especially if corporations are
successful in influencing public opinion by undertaking a social movement approach. This study is motivated by this particular
issue and examines the effectiveness of astroturf organizations in the global warming context, wherein large corporate polluters
have an incentive to set up astroturf organizations to undermine the importance of human activities in climate change. We
conduct an experiment to determine whether astroturf organizations have an impact on the level of user certainty about the
causes of global warming. Results show that people who used astroturf websites became more uncertain about the causes of global
warming and humans’ role in the phenomenon than people who used grassroots websites. Astroturf organizations are hence successful
in promoting business interests over environmental protection. In addition to the multiple business ethics issues it raises,
astroturfing poses a significant threat to the legitimacy of the grassroots movement. 相似文献
953.
Entrepreneurship,export orientation,and economic growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper the relationship between a country’s prevalence of new ventures and its rate of economic growth is investigated,
while taking into account new ventures’ export orientation. It is generally acknowledged that new venture creation as well
as export activity may both be important strategies for achieving national economic growth. However, to our knowledge no attempt
has been made to investigate empirically the role of export-driven new ventures in economic growth. We focus on the national
level and use data for a sample of 34 countries over the period 2002–2008. Our results suggest that, on top of a positive
relation between entrepreneurial activity in general and subsequent macroeconomic growth, there is an additional positive
effect of export-oriented early-stage entrepreneurship in higher-income countries. However, there is no such additional effect
in lower-income countries. 相似文献
954.
Alexander Krammer Bernd Heinrich Matthias Henneberger Florian Lautenbacher 《Business & Information Systems Engineering》2011,3(6):345-358
Service-oriented architectures are widely discussed as a design principle for application and enterprise architectures. Nevertheless,
an adequate granularity of services has not yet been researched sufficiently from an economic perspective. The finer the granularity
to realize the functions of a process, the higher the number of services is, and the more effort has to be directed towards
composing them. In contrast, very coarse-grained services bear the disadvantages of higher implementation costs and lower
reuse potential (e.g., in different processes). The aim of the decision model proposed in this paper is to determine an adequate
granularity of services from an economical perspective. Thus, degrees of freedom, which often exist for the choice of granularity
after a domain analysis, can be leveraged to realize a cost-efficient solution. We illustrate the applicability and practical
benefits of the decision model with an example from the context of a financial services provider. 相似文献
955.
Philipp Harms 《Journal of Economics》2011,102(3):291-293
956.
957.
Maw-Der Foo 《Small Business Economics》2011,36(1):33-46
Team researchers have found that the diversity to effectiveness ratings are mediated by team conflict. Using a sample of 73
teams developing their business ideas, I found direct effects of diversity and conflict on member-rated team effectiveness.
Here, I explain how the circumstances under which these teams operate can lead to these findings. For these teams, task conflict
was found to relate negatively to member-rated team effectiveness. This finding contrasts with research on organizational
teams, where task conflict usually relates positively to team effectiveness ratings. I also found that both diversity and
average member experience influence member-rated effectiveness. These findings imply that diversity, conflict, and ratings
of team effectiveness may differ for teams developing business ideas as compared to organizational teams. Thus, findings from
organizational team research should be applied with caution to teams developing business ideas and possibly to new venture
teams in general. 相似文献
958.
Cheolho Yoon 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,100(3):405-417
Since digital piracy has posed a significant threat to the development of the software industry and the growth of the digital
media industry, it has, for the last decade, held considerable interest for researchers and practitioners. This article will
propose an integrated model that combines the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and ethics theory, the two theories that are
most often used in digital piracy studies. Data were obtained from university students in China, and the model was examined
using the structural equation model (SEM). The results show that moral obligation and justice, derived from ethics theories
and TPB variables, such as attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, influence the behavioral intentions
of individuals to commit digital piracy. The attitude of individuals toward digital piracy is also found to be influenced
by perceived benefits, perceived risk, and habit. 相似文献
959.
Despite the impressive development of substantive theories in entrepreneurship, without the development of measurement theories,
further advancement of the field is problematic. In particular, the notion of opportunities, central to entrepreneurship research,
requires adequate macro-level operationalization. We demonstrate how to employ data envelopment analysis (DEA) to operationalize
not only innovative opportunities, but also technological arbitrage opportunities. We provide an illustrative example based
on a sample of 66 countries during the period of 1993–2002. We include estimates of innovative and arbitrage opportunities
for possible use by other scholars, discuss the promise and limitations of such estimates, demonstrate how both innovative
and arbitrage opportunities correlate with the rates of entrepreneurial activity, and suggest several possible directions
for future research. 相似文献
960.