Male–female earnings differentials in early 20th century Manila

How might earnings of men and women have differed in poor countries a century ago? We know very little but a one-worker-in-ten labor market survey conducted in Manila in 1900 can help to establish baseline earnings patterns. In terms of raw means, women's earnings were about 30 percent less than men's, but both were distributed so that in some industries there were women who earned more than the average man. Controlling for hours, occupations and firm characteristics left female earnings discounts that varied by occupation from nothing to nearly half, ceteris paribus. Women workers concentrated in relatively skilled tobacco processing work, paid by the piece. Within this industry, productivity differentials were confounded by occupational segregation, however, in which men made the more expensive cigars and women the cheaper cigars and cigarettes.     

The challenge from below: an analysis of the role of the shop steward in industrial relations

An analysis of the shop steward's position in industry makes it clear that his task is complicated by the different roles demanded of him by management, his union, the rank and file, and not least, his own conception of his role.     

A REVIEW OF THE ESTIMATION OF TRANSITION PROBABILITIES IN MARKOV CHAINS

A chronological review of the development of estimation procedures for unknown constant Markovian transition probabilities is presented with emphasis on applications involving the availability of macrodata, as opposed to microdata. Monte Carlo results comparing various estimation methods are analysed and several suggestions for estimating non-stationary probabilities are made.     

The aims and methods of the education and training of shop stewards: a case study

The author's research indicates that management's objectives in releasing shop stewards for courses and the shop stewards' objectives may be quite different. Views on how far courses should be “education” and how far “training”, and the best structure for courses, also emerged from this study.