Comparative persistence and adherence with newer anti-hyperglycemic agents to treat patients with type 2 diabetes in the United States

Objectives: Non-adherence and non-persistence to anti-hyperglycemic agents are associated with worse clinical and economic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated treatment persistence and adherence across newer anti-hyperglycemic agents (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, liraglutide, or exenatide).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study of Truven Health Analytics Marketscan databases included adult patients with type 2 diabetes whose first pharmacy claim for a newer anti-hyperglycemic agent was between February 1, 2014 and July 31, 2014. Treatment persistence and adherence were assessed for 12 months after the first claim (post-index). Persistence was defined as no gap ≥90 days between the end of one pharmacy claim and the start of the next pharmacy claim post-index. Adherence used two definitions: proportion of days covered (PDC) and medication possession ratio (MPR). Multivariable analyses of non-persistence (hazard ratios) and adherence (odds ratios) were adjusted for baseline demographics, drug cost, clinical characteristics, and other anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Results: A total of 11,961 patients met all study selection criteria. Persistence rates at 12 months were significantly greater (p?p?=?0.83; PDC?=?0.79) and canagliflozin 300?mg (MPR?=?0.92; PDC?=?0.81) were greater than for the other index anti-hyperglycemic agents (MPR?=?0.33–0.75; PDC?=?0.33–0.72). Consistent results for treatment persistence and adherence were observed in multivariable analyses that were adjusted baseline characteristics.

Conclusions: Canagliflozin was associated with better treatment persistence and treatment adherence compared with other anti-hyperglycemic agents in real-world settings.     

广东外贸企业应对中美贸易摩擦的主要做法和成功经验

通过对广东及其深圳等地开展国情考察,并借助研究文献等方式,本文总结提出了广东积极应对中美贸易摩擦的四个方面的主要做法和四个方面的成功经验,如抓住问题,认真分析,精准施策,积极应对;坚持统筹兼顾、综合施策的基本原则是有效应对中美贸易摩擦的基本要求等,从而为继续有效应对中美贸易摩擦和及时促进有关地区外贸发展提供了有益借鉴。     

转型条件下劳动关系变化的思考

从理论上讲,劳动争议的产生源于资本追求利润最大化与劳动追求福利最大化之间的矛盾。经济转型条件下,我国现行劳动关系发生了深刻的变化,其原因既具有资本与劳动矛盾的普遍性,也具有经济转型条件下的特殊性。本文在我国经济转型大背景下,分析了劳动关系存在的问题,从而针对问题探索了一些合理的解决途径。     

On a general periodic preventive maintenance policy incorporating warranty contracts and system ageing losses

In this paper, a general periodic preventive maintenance (PM) policy for a repairable revenue-generating system is developed and studied. We define ‘ageing losses’ as the difference in revenues generated by an ideal system (no ageing) and a real system that ages over the same period of consideration. It is assumed that preventive maintenance slows the system deterioration process and therefore reduces ageing losses. The proposed model is general in the sense that (1) both the warranty contracts and system ageing losses are incorporated in the maintenance cost modeling and (2) the implementation of PM actions does not have to be strictly periodic. A cost model is developed for the buyer under two decision variables—the calendar time of the first PM and the degree of each PM. Numerical examples are then presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed model. Sensitivity analyses are further conducted to investigate the impact of model parameters on optimal solutions.     

沙南污水处理厂一期改造及中水回用工程实践

河南省漯河市沙南污水处理厂一期升级改造及中水回用工程新增深度处理单元处理规模8万m3/d,中水回用工程输水规模9万m3/d,设计出水执行《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准。介绍了深度处理设计方案中各个工艺单元的比选,就设计排放标准,对比了一期升级改造后与原工程的污水处理工艺及污染物去除效果,以及一期升级改造工程的社会环境效益等。升级改造工程经过1年多的连续运行和在线检测,出水指标达到设计要求。     

刻板印象对考官评分偏差的影响:考官决策方式的调节作用

面试中,基于过去的有限经验产生的对特定群体的刻板印象会有意识或无意识地影响考官的判断决策,为了维持刻板的一致性,人们会故意忽视与刻板印象不一致的信息,这在很大程度上损害了面试的有效性和公平性.为了探究减弱面试刻板印象影响的方法,本文通过2(刻板刺激:有/无)×2(考官决策方式:直觉性决策/分析性决策)组间因子设计,利用眼动技术模拟教师行为事件面试,探讨了面试中刻板印象影响考官评分偏差的作用机制,以及考官决策方式与刻板印象对考官评分偏差的交互作用.结果表明:(1)存在刻板印象实验标的刺激时,考官对刺激的视觉注意更多,考官评分偏差更大,即刻板印象通过视觉注意的中介作用影响考官评分偏差;(2)刻板印象和考官决策方式存在显著的交互作用.实验结论对如何有效削弱刻板印象对面试决策的影响,提高面试有效性具有一定的启示意义.     

Effect of religious priming in prosocial and destructive behaviour

In this paper, we study the behavioural impact of religious priming by showing participants religious words in a scrambled sentence task before a dictator game and a joy‐of‐destruction game. We also elicited data on individual religiosity and religious affiliation using a questionnaire. Priming religious words significantly increased prosocial behaviour in the dictator game, and the effect was especially striking among those reporting no religion, atheists and agnostics. The religious prime has no significant effect in mitigating destructive behaviour or own expectations of the other's destruction choice, but both destructive behaviour and expectations correlate positively with the multi‐dimensional religiosity measure.     

北京电动汽车供应网络发展的多主体仿真和预测

当前新能源汽车正处在市场化的关键时期,在此背景下,本文针对北京电动汽车产业,基于复杂适应系统理论建立了一个包含个人消费者、政府、电动汽车经销商、电动汽车生产商、动力电池生产商、电力公司6类主体的多主体仿真模型,利用现实数据对北京电动汽车供应网络的发展进行分析,通过对不同政策进行模拟预测,进而找到能促进电动汽车发展的重要因素,为政府制定相关的政策提供实际参考。     

Company's General Finance Analysisand Risk

A firm’s Capital structure is the mix of a company＇s longtermdebt, specific short-term debt, common equity and preferredequity. It also aims to balance the tradeoff between thebenefits of debt financing and cost of debt financing. Debtcomes in the form of bond issues or long-term notes payable,while equity is classified as common stock, preferred stock orretained earnings. Short-term debt such as working capital requirementsis also considered to be part of the capital structure,so for target debt ratio, Target Debt Ratio is the target proportionof a firm＇s total assets that are being financed with borrowedfunds, because firms are expected to finance investmentssubsequently from equity and debt. A fundamental problem inempirical studies is that having a target debt ratio or not isunobservable from public data. So firm have a capital structurepolicy, i.e. target debt ratio.