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991.
Richard G. Lipsey 《International Tax and Public Finance》2007,14(4):349-364
The origin of the second best article is described and criticisms assessed. Distortions making impossible the achievement
of either first or second best optima are outlined. Attempts to establish the applicability of first best rules are criticised,
as are general rules for making piecemeal efficiency improvements. Both often use models containing empirically invalid assumptions
and a selected few of the full set of distortions. Practical policy advice requires more parochial objective functions than
community welfare; must rely on formal and appreciative theory, empirical evidence, and large doses of judgment; and should
concentrate on making piecemeal improvements in context-specific situations. 相似文献
992.
Stephen Day Cauley Andrey D. Pavlov Eduardo S. Schwartz 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2007,34(3):283-311
Personal preferences and financial incentives make homeownership desirable for most families. Once a family purchases a home
they find it impractical (costly) to frequently change their ownership of residential real estate. Thus, by deciding how much
home to buy, a family constrains their ability to adjust their asset allocation between residential real estate and other
assets. To analyze the impact of this constraint on consumption, welfare, and post-retirement wealth, we first investigate
an individual’s optimal asset allocation decisions when they are subject to a “homeownership constraint.” Next, we perform
a “thought experiment” where we assume the existence of a market where a homeowner can sell, without cost, a fractional interest
in their home. Now the housing choice decision does not constrain the individual’s asset allocations. By comparing these two
cases, we estimate the differences in post-retirement wealth and the welfare gains potentially realizable if asset allocations
were not subject to a homeownership constraint. For realistic parameter values, we find that the homeowner would require a
substantial increase in total net worth to achieve the same level of utility as would be achievable if the choice of a home
could be separated from the asset allocation decision. The robustness of the analysis is evaluated with respect to the model’s
parameters and initial state variables. We find that changes in the values of the constraint (i.e., the value of the home)
and the expected real rate of home value appreciation are the only state variables or parameter that is associated with a
large change in asset allocation and/or the burden imposed by the housing constraint. This finding suggests the importance
of a detailed examination of the impact of inter-regional differences in home prices and expected rates of appreciation on
asset allocation and post-retirement wealth. 相似文献
993.
Mario J. Durán Sergio Gallardo Sergio L. Toral Rocío Martínez-Torres Federico J. Barrero 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2007,17(1):55-73
Learner-centred approaches follow the prevailing tendency in modern University reforms which are primarily concerned about
“how people learn”. The methodologies can be learner-centred in the sense of placing the student as the main actor of the
teaching–learning process by increasing his interactivity and participation, but also considering what is relevant for the
student by measuring the learner satisfaction. In order to promote both aspects, this paper proposes a synchronous software-based
active methodology that makes use of the simulations to show a virtual scenario to the students and challenge them to predict
and discuss the evolution of the scenario. The proposed methodology improves the visual interface, promotes discussion both
among students and with the teacher in a brainstorming stage and shows real-world examples. This software-based methodology
has been implemented into an Electric Machinery course at the University of Seville (Spain), and the evaluation has been carried
out considering both the affective and cognitive domains. Principal components analysis proves to be useful to highlight the
dimensions with a higher influence on learner satisfaction and the affective and cognitive results confirm the successful
implementation of the proposal. 相似文献
994.
Adam P. R. Taylor 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2007,17(2):217-229
This paper reports on a novel approach taken by the author to the teaching of an Internet programming course targeted at final
year diploma and second year degree students. The uniqueness of engineers and their identity is discussed, as is the self-constructed
world and ways of knowing in which humankind operates. The novel approach to teaching a software-coding course, and this course’s
underlying philosophies of learning, the approach taken in class-contact time, and the methods of interaction with the students
are presented, along with the conventional structure, quantitative measures, outline, and assessment of the course. The effects
and observations of approaches employed are discussed, and the quantitative outputs achieved are presented alongside the unquantifiable
impressions, comments and positive feedback. 相似文献
995.
We examine the out-of-market gap – the time between the end of a film’s theatrical run and its release on DVD – for a sample
of U.S. films during 1988-2005. The average gap declined from 58.14 days in 1998 to 27.93 days in 2005; by 2005, 39% of the
films were released on DVD prior to leaving the theaters. Probit and hazard models are estimated to explore the factors that
influence a distributor’s decision to release a film on DVD before it exits the theaters, and the timing of the release for
films that appear on DVD after they leave the theaters.
相似文献
996.
Mikhail S. Kouliavtsev 《Review of Industrial Organization》2007,30(1):1-27
This paper suggests an innovative measure of structural relief obtained in a typical Section 7 settlement. The fraction of
competitive overlap subject to divestiture as a condition of the settlement is modeled as a function of merger-specific efficiencies,
the proportion of the deal held “hostage” to antitrust review, the merger’s anticompetitive potential, and other factors.
The model is applied to data on 86 recent Justice Department cases covering the period 1990–2003 and to the subsample of 1990s
cases. All data are collected from publicly available documents only. The government is found to secure larger divestitures
when the cost to the acquirer of delaying the settlement is high. The resulting estimates are used to predict several out-of-sample
observations.
I would like to thank the General Editor and two anonymous referees for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts of this
paper. The remaining errors are mine. 相似文献
997.
W. Tom Whalen 《Review of Industrial Organization》2007,30(1):39-61
This paper estimates the effects of code-sharing, antitrust immunity, and Open Skies treaties on prices, output, and capacity
using an eleven-year panel of U.S.-Europe data. Code-sharing and immunized alliances are found to have significantly lower
prices than does traditional interline (multi-carrier) service, but the effects are smaller in magnitude than those found
in previous results that rely on cross-sectional data. Statistical tests that prices for immunized alliance service are equal
to online (single carrier) service often cannot be rejected, providing additional evidence that immunity grants allow immunized
carriers to internalize a double marginalization problem. Estimated output effects, consistent with the price effects, show
that alliances are associated with large increases in passenger volumes. Lastly, estimates suggest that capacity expansions
associated with “Open Skies” treaties are due entirely to expansion by immunized carriers on routes between their hubs.
I would like to thank the editor and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments. The views expressed in this paper do
not reflect those of the US Department of Justice. All errors are my own 相似文献
998.
999.
税收政策在缩小地区贫富差距方面具有显著效果。针对现有区域性税收优惠政策,应当及时纠正向东部地区过度倾斜的累退性导向,以实现地区范畴上的公平对待,并避免在新一轮经济发展中出现各地争设各类开发区、园区的风潮。同时根据不同地区的经济结构差异,应积极推动各地,尤其是中西部地区实现产业优化和升级,以自动调整区域税负分布状况。此外,消费行为及其结构也会在微观层面对税负分布及归宿产生影响。对区域性因素的扰动进行计量分析,可以在因地制宜的基础上,促进区域税负分布格局的合理化。 相似文献
1000.
制造业企业的机器设备数量较多,总价值也较高。而在采用资产基础法评估制造业企业的整体价值时,其机器设备评估侧重的是机器设备评估总值的准确性,而非每台设备评估值的准确性。那么,能否找到一种既保证机器设备评估总值准确度又高效合理的评估方式呢? 相似文献