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991.
NIKOLAJ MALCHOW‐MØLLER SØREN BO NIELSEN JAN ROSE SKAKSEN 《Journal of Public Economic Theory》2011,13(2):189-215
The fact that education provides both a productive and a consumptive (nonproductive) return has important and, in some cases, dramatic implications for optimal taxes and tuition fees. Using a simple model, we show that when the consumption share in education is endogenous and tuition fees are unconstrained, the optimal tax/fee system involves regressive income taxes and high tuition fees. A progressive labor income tax system may, on the other hand, be a second‐best response to politically constrained, low tuition fees. Finally, the existence of individuals with different abilities will also move the optimal income tax system toward progressivity. 相似文献
992.
MICHEL MOUGEOT FLORENCE NAEGELEN BENJAMIN PELLOUX JEAN‐LOUIS RULLIÈRE 《Journal of Public Economic Theory》2011,13(5):829-856
The European Emission Trading Scheme (EU‐ETS) has chosen to adopt an auctioning procedure to initially allocate CO2 emission permits. Free allocation of permits will become an exception for the third phase (2013–2020) and most firms will have to buy all their permits on the market or via auctions. The ability of bidders to collude is a key concern about the design of the auction format. To counter collusion, the auction can be open to bidders without compliance obligations (speculators). This paper aims at studying experimentally speculation as a collusion‐breaking device in two different auction mechanisms: the uniform‐price sealed‐bid auction and the ascending clock auction. Our results suggest that a uniform sealed‐bid auction open to speculators should be chosen from a revenue maximization point of view. In this mechanism, compliance agents adopt an aggressive strategy toward speculators. This strategy significantly increases the seller's revenue, compared to the more collusive clock auction. In the latter, on the contrary, bidders accommodate speculators, letting them buy permits in the auction and buying their necessary permits on the secondary market. However, as opening the auction to speculators deteriorates efficiency, the regulator faces a trade‐off between these two objectives. 相似文献
993.
NICOLAS JACQUEMET ROBERT‐VINCENT JOULE STÉPHANE LUCHINI JASON F. SHOGREN 《Journal of Public Economic Theory》2011,13(5):857-882
Hypothetical bias is a long‐standing issue in stated preference and contingent valuation studies—people tend to overstate their preferences when they do not experience the real monetary consequences of their decision. This view, however, has been challenged by recent evidence based on the elicitation of induced values (IV) in the lab and homegrown (HG) demand function from different countries. This paper uses an experimental design to assess the extent and relevance of hypothetical bias in demand elicitation exercises for both induced (IV) and homegrown (HG) values. For testbed purpose, we use a classic second‐price auction to elicit preferences. Comparing the demand curve we elicit in both, hypothetical bias unambiguously (i) vanishes in an IV, private good context and (ii) persists in HG values elicitation context. This suggests hypothetical bias in preference elicitation appears to be driven by “preference formation” rather than “preference elicitation.” In addition, companion treatments highlight two sources of the discrepancy observed in the HG setting: the hypothetical context leads bidders to underestimate the constraints imposed by their budget limitations, whereas the real context creates pressure leading them to bid “zero” to opt out from the elicitation mechanism. As a result, there is a need for a demand elicitation procedure that helps subjects take the valuation exercise sincerely, but without putting extra pressure on them. 相似文献
994.
995.
Because politics is a way of life in organizations, organizational politics has been studied by several scholars over the past 40 years. Few studies, though, have examined organizational politics outside of the United States and Europe. This study is a further step toward closing that gap. In particular, we (1) examined the applicability of the Perceptions of Organizational Politics Scale (POPS) instrument in Kuwait, (2) examined the perceived existence of organizational politics in a public organization in Kuwait, and (3) sought to determine if perceptions of organizational politics seemed to be influenced by the same variables in Kuwait as in Western societies. The study found that the perception of organizational politics is relatively strong and that the POPS instrument was applicable in the Kuwaiti culture and could lead to an expanded understanding of organizational politics. The gender of the respondents, their tenure, and their current positions had some influence on perceptions of organizational politics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
996.
997.
日本领土狭小,资源缺乏,人口众多,因此保障国内粮食安全是历届政府优先考虑的事项。长期以来,政府高度补贴和保护国内农业,特别是粮食的生产与配送。尽管如此,日本仍然是世界上最大的粮食进口国,食物需求(按照热量计算)的约60%依靠进口。尽管强烈地震对日本粮食业的影响低于人们的预期,但还是给其带来了巨大的挑战。 相似文献
998.
999.
通过运用Copula技术,构建4种Copula-GARCH模型,讨论金融市场的相关模式问题得出的结论是Joe-ClaytonCopula比正态Copula好,动态模型比静态模型要好。表明沪港股市确实存在非对称的相关变化规律。同时表明沪、港股票市场股市相关程度较小,两个市场联动性较弱,上海股市的波动具有相对的独立性,通过组合上海股市和香港股市的方式可以较好的降低投资风险。 相似文献
1000.
This paper analyzes competition between two spatially differentiated multi-product retailers who encounter entry from a low-cost
discounter. We assess how entry affects the pricing of the incumbent stores and the role played by the location of the entrant.
Our primary objective is to identify how traditional retailers respond to new forms of low-cost retailing. Results show that
post entry, the prices for some products are higher than the pre entry. However, which product prices increase depends on
the incumbent’s location. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that the store closer to the entrant is better off compared
to the incumbent located further away. We empirically demonstrate the main workings of our theory using sales data from several
grocery stores that saw entry by discount stores in their trading areas. 相似文献