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11.
For managers who are responsible for designing the division of labor, there are prototypes such as the divisional and functional designs, but insufficient knowledge of what to consider when selecting them. To address this shortfall, we developed a multiple economic game model with a two-step structure to examine the strategic interdependence between the two prototypes. We analyzed the model from three different perspectives: a traditional analysis, an equilibrium analysis, and a behavioral analysis followed by a laboratory experiment. While the first analysis revealed that the functional design would outperform divisional design when individual decisions are exogenous, the game theoretic equilibrium analysis demonstrated that the two prototype designs have similar equilibria when individuals are rational. However, assuming that individuals made autonomous decisions with accessible information under given organizational structures, behavioral analysis derived predictions that the divisional design was more likely to produce favorable consequences than the functional design. This prediction was confirmed by the economic experiment in the laboratory. These results imply that the strategic uncertainty within organizations differs according to the designs and affects organizational consequences. 相似文献
12.
This study examines the winner–loser effect using stocks listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) from 1975 to 1997. We uncover significant return reversals dominating the Japanese markets, especially over shorter periods such as 1 month. No momentum effect is observed, however. The 1-month return reversal remains significant even after adjusting for firm characteristics or risk. While the 1-month return reversal is not related to industry classification, it is partially a result of higher future returns to loser stocks with low trading volume. Our results show that investor overreaction may be a possible explanation for the 1-month return reversal in Japan. 相似文献
13.
Many real‐world decisions are made by individuals as representatives of groups. Most research, however, studies either individuals or groups as decision‐makers. This paper explores whether there is a general difference between a decision made as an individual and as a representative of a group in the context of a public good game. We conducted a series of experiments to test this question and to understand mechanisms contributing to potential differences. We found that representatives contributed less than individuals when they could not communicate with their constituency. However, when they could discuss their strategy before playing, they contributed at least as much as individual decision‐makers. Furthermore, when they could justify their decision after playing, they contributed even more than individual decision‐makers. We discuss potential reasons for this and directions for future research. 相似文献
14.
Mr.Renzo Tani Prof.Masami Tanaka Mr.Yoshio Utsumi 《上海标准化》2005,(10):F0002
我们都希望生活在一个更安全、更安定的世界里,然而。地震、飓风、江水、交通事故、传染病和工业事故,除了给人类带来物质损失以外,每年还导致成千上万的人员伤亡。为了应对这些威胁,国际标准提供了广为认可的解决方案, 相似文献
15.
Yoshio Yanadori Jill A. Gould Carol T. Kulik 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2018,29(9):1636-1660
In virtually all economies, executive positions are highly male dominated. This study examines the pay gap between male executives and female executives in large Australian firms from 2011 to 2014 to evaluate whether female executives are paid equitably compared with male executives. The mean pay comparison shows that female executives earn 80.7% of the total pay earned by male executives. A large part of the gender pay gap is explained by differences in positions held; female executives are particularly underrepresented in highly paid executive positions. After controlling for executive position and other relevant individual and firm characteristics, there remains a 15.1% gender gap in total pay. Our findings suggest that to achieve the goal of gender equity, both the proportion of women at executive level and the executive-level gender pay gap need to be monitored. 相似文献
16.
标准与检验携手并进,缺一不可,已成为推动全球大市场发展的重要力量.标准为产品、服务、相关体系、生产过程及相关材料等提供了相应的技术规范和质量要求.检验则是验证这些标准是否可靠地得到实现.一旦标准在国际上得到广泛的认可,它就成为相关产品或服务的国际市场的发展依据,这就表明这个市场建立在可靠的质量基础之上,有较高的消费者信任度. 相似文献
17.
Yoshio Niho 《Journal of development economics》1976,3(2):161-169
The process of the reallocation of labor from agriculture to industry, outlined by Fei and Ranis, is examined by formulating a disequilibrium adjustment model of a dual economy. The main result of the analysis shows that capital accumulation and technological progress in industry can play a role in extracting labor from agriculture, dependent on whether or not the price elasticity of the demand for food is zero. This result is interpreted as whether capital accumulation and technological progress in industry contribute to the creation of a growing agricultural surplus, which Jorgenson advocated as the condition for economic development. 相似文献
18.
Using firm-level data from Japan, this study examines the effects of four commonly used work and family practices on employee turnover: flextime, maternity leave, child care leave, and nursing care leave. Overall, we find statistically significant associations between work and family practices and female employee turnover in Japan. In stark contrast, we do not find such a statistically significant linkage between work and family practices and male employee turnover. As such, this study highlights the potential moderating effect of individual characteristics such as gender on the relationship between work and family practices and employee attitudes and behaviours. 相似文献
19.
This paper examines endogenous merger formations in a mixed oligopoly. Applying the core as a solution concept, we analyze
which market structure(s) remain(s) stable when three firms—two symmetric private firms and one inefficient public firm—are
allowed to merge with each other in a mixed Cournot industry. We show that according to the value of the marginal cost of
the public firm, there always exists a pair of share ratios of the owners of both the (pre-merged) public firm and the (pre-merged)
private firm such that the market structure with the merger between the public firm and one private firm belongs to the core.
When the initial market structure is a mixed triopoly, it can only be blocked when one public firm and one private firm merge.
Furthermore, we conduct a similar analysis in a general mixed oligopoly with one public firm and n private firms.
相似文献
20.
While most of the literature starting with Shapley and Scarf (1974) have considered a static exchange economy with indivisibilities, this paper studies the dynamics of such an economy. We find that both the dynamics generated by competitive equilibrium and the one generated by the weak dominance relation, converge to a set of allocations we define as strictly stable, which we can show to exist. Moreover, we show that even when only pairwise exchanges between two traders are allowed, the strictly stable allocations are attained eventually if traders are sufficiently farsighted. 相似文献